Genetics and DNA definitions need to know

Gene

a section of the DNA code for a particular trait or protein

Allele

are variations of a gene

Genotype

the genetic information carried by an individual

Phenotype

the observable characteristics of an individual

Dominant Allele

alleles that are expressed in heterozygous individuals

Recessive Allele

alleles that are hidden in heterozygous individuals

Homozygous

individuals that carry the same alleles in their chromosomes

Heterozygous

individuals that carry different alleles in their chromosomes

Karyotype

an arrangement of photographed chromosomes into homologous pairs

Meiosis

cell division by which sex cells, with half the number of chromosomes are produced

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process of cell division where one parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells

why does mitosis occur

to replace or repair cells during growth

DNA Function

is to store biological/genetic information

Gene

a gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein which determines a trait.

Storage of DNA

is coiled onto itself and around histone proteins to form a chromatin in the nucleus

Histone Proteins

a protein found in the nucleus of a cell with DNA wrapped around it to form a chromatin

Chromatin

a thread-like mass of DNA in the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing

Chromosome

a rod-like structure containing super-coiled DNA

Chromatid (Sister)

one of a pair of duplicated chromosome joined at a centromode

Centromere

a section of a chromosome that joins 2 chromatids

How does coiling DNA around proteins help?

-Save space

-Prevent DNA from tangling

-Controlling access to DNA

XX Chromosome

male

XY Chromosome

female

Mitosis and Meiosis side by side

Mitosis= Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Meiosis= Interphase |, Prophase |, Metaphase |, Anaphase |, Telophase |, Prophase ||, Metaphase ||, Anaphase ||, Telophase ||

Nucelotides are?

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

Adenine

Backbone of the DNA structure is made up of?

phosphate and sugar

Mitosis Def

is the process of making new cells

Meiosis Def

Cell division, by which sex cells, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced

Interphase def

Prepare for cell division

Prophase def

Prepare chromosome separation

Metaphase def

Ensure equal division

Anaphase def

Distribute genetic material

Telophase def

Form new nucle

Cytokinesis def

Complete cell division

Key steps for DNA Replication

1. Enzymes (helicase) unzips the DNA double helix creating a replication fork

2. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases of each strand of DNA

3. Sugar and phosphate bond together to form the backbone of the new strand by DNA Polymerase.

4. 2 identical strands of DNA

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What is the DNA molecule made out of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and nitrogen

Where is DNA found?

it is found in the mitochondria cell and the nucleus

What is the location of Mitosis?

in sex cells, sperm and egg cells

Purpose of mitosis?

to produce two identical daughter cell for the growth and development

Location of meiosis?

in the germ cells of the reproductive organs (testes of males and the ovaries of females)

Purpose of meiosis?

to produce gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes

Result of meiosis?

production of four haploid cells (gametes)

Nucleotide

phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base

Semi-conservative

DNA replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one original leading strand and one lagging strand