BSC 2010C Final Exam Review

Bond in which electrons are shared

covalent

Bond in which there is a transfer of electrons

ionic

Bond in which electrons are shared equally

polar covalent

Acronym for taxonomy

kpcofgs

Hypothesis in which there is no difference

null hypothesis

hypothesis in which there is a difference

alternative hypothesis

Outermost shell that houses electrons

valence shell

number of electrons in outermost shell

valence

Bacteria are all...

prokaryotes

What organelle do prokaryotes have?

ribosomes

What are the unicellular eukaryotes?

protists

Kingdom: Bacteria

monera

Kingdom: plants

plantae

Kingdom: Mushrooms

fungi

Kingdom: animals

animalia

Variable that is not changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

independent variable

variable that is dependent on other factors

dependent variable

Process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system includes an increase in the magnitude of the charge.

positive feedback

Process in which the operation of the process itself is done in such a way to reduce charges.

negative feedback

variations around an asymmetric carbon

Enantiomers

variations in the arrangement of an molecule

structural isomer

variations around a double bond

geometric isomer

What is the basic structure of a carbohydrate?

CH2O

What are the two parts of a fat

glycerol and fatty acids

How many fatty acids are attached to the glycerol in a fat?

3

Where do the fatty acid tails attach to glycerol?

carboxyl group

How many fatty acids are in fat?

three

How many amino acids are there?

20

How many amino acids are essential to life?

9

A pH of 9

base

a pH of 7

neutral

a pH of 1

acid

A strong acid is a...

weak base

Bond in which the amino group of one amino acid joins with the carboxyl group of another one.

peptide bond

what molecule is lost during the formation of a peptide bond?

water

What kind of reaction yields a peptide bond?

dehydration reaction

How many levels of protein structure are there?

4

What is the minimum level of structure a protein needs to be functional?

tertiary structure

A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonds every fourth amino acid.

alpha helix

In which level of protein structure do alpha helix's form?

secondary structure

Structure in which two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.

beta pleated sheet.

In which level of protein structure are beta pleated sheets formed?

secondary structure

coiling/folding as a result of hydrogen bonding

secondary structure

3-D shape due to bonding of R groups

tertiary structure

The association of 2 or more polypeptides

quaternary structure

When external factors cause a protein to unravel and lose it's native shape.

denaturation.

What is the flow described by the central dogma theory?

DNA->RNA->protein

What is the sugar in DNA?

deoxyribose

What is the sugar in RNA?

ribose

What molecule does deoxyribose lack?

oxygen

How are adjacent nucleotides linked?

phosphodiester linkages

What is the structure formed by the twisting of DNA?

double helix

What is the function of monosaccharides?

fuel

What is the function of disaccharides?

fuel

What is the function of polysaccharides?

structure

What is the function of triglycerides?

fuel

What is the function of phospholipids?

lipid bilayer

What is the function of steroids?

cell membrane

What do enzymes do?

catalyze reactions

What kind of proteins transport substances?

transport proteins

What kind of proteins receive signals from outside the cell?

receptor proteins

What kind of proteins function in cell movement?

motor proteins

Where besides the nucleus is DNA found?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

During the synthesis of a fat, hydroxyl group of a fatty acid, and the carboxyl group of the glycerol undergo a dehydration reaction.

ester linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

glycosidic linkage

what type of bond yields a disaccharide?

glycosidic linkage

many amino acids joined together

polypeptides

A covalent bond formed between two sulfhydryl groups

disulfide bridges

In which level of protein structure are disulfide bridges found?

tertiary structure

What leads to the clustering of amino acids into the core of the protein during the formation of tertiary structure?

hydrophobic interactions

What kind of reactions hold non-polar amino side chains together during formation of tertiary structure.

van der waals interactions

What molecules assist in protein folding?

chaperonins

What does a chaperonin do to assist in the folding of a protein?

create a hydrophilic environment

What kind of sugar is found in DNA and RNA?

pentose sugar

In which carbon is an oxygen missing in DNA?

2

What does ATP react with to form ADP?

water

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as base?

amino

The movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient

active transport

The movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane along with it's concentration gradient

passive transport

A process which takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures apart

cell fractionation

In a eukaryotic cell the DNA is located in the

nucleus

In a prokaryotic cell the genetic information is located in the

nucleoid

These increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume

microvilli

organelle that makes proteins

ribosomes

network of membranous sacs and tubes

endoplasmic reticulum

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

rough and smooth

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum make?

proteins

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum studded with?

ribosomes

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum make?

steroids, lipids

In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

In which organelle are macromolecules hydrolyzed?

lysosome

Are lysosomes present in plant cells?

no

Are centrosomes present in plant cells?

no

Are flagella present in plant cells?

no

Are chloroplasts present in animal cells?

no

Is a central vacuole present in animal cells?

no

Do animal cells have cell walls?

no

Does an animal cell have a plasmodesmata?

no

Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

plasmodesmata

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts