principles of pathology pp

what is cancer

disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of a single cell

what is first unleashed by mutations in DNA that affects genes that promote unlimited cell replication

growth

what does a normal cell do

powerful genes regulate cell division and cell death

what do cancer cells do

the genetic circuits are broken and create a cell that does not stop multiplying

what does uncontrolled growth gives rise to

generation upon generation of cells

what do the cells do as growth occurs

evolve to enhance survivial

what do cells evolve to resist

chemo agents and will speed up growth when cells are lost

what happens to the cancer cells overtime

they become more and more adapted and focused on survival and growth

how many types of cancer recognized and categorized

over 100 types

what is cancer latin for

crab

what does neoplasia mean

new growth

what is a neoplasm

tumor

what is applied to an abnormal process resulting in formation of a neoplasm

neoplasia

what are the 4 categories of tumors

carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia and lymphomas, other

what are carcinomas

tumors that originate from epithelial tissue

what is epithelial tissue

includes all tissues covering a surface or lining cavity

what makes up the largest groups of cancers

carcinoma

what is the general spread of carcinoma

regional lymph nodes

what are the two major groups of carcinomas

squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

what are “other” types of carcinomas

large cell, small cell, adenosquamous carcinoma, etc

what is squamous cell carcinoma

epithelial cells arising from the lining

where do epithelial cells line in squamous cell

skin (epidermis), mucosal surfaces of oral and nasal cavities, most of the esophagus, respiratory tract, vagina, and cervix

what are examples of squamous carcinomas

squamous cell carcinoma lung, anus, oral cavity

what is carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)

epithelial cells arising from glandular (secretory) tissue

where do epithelium line in adenocarcinoma

whole of alimentary tract, from lower esophagus to upper part of anal canal as well as openings into the pancreas and liver; also sebaceous and sweat glands of skin, endometrium, kidney, ovaries, testis

what are examples of adenocarcinoma

adenocarcinoma of the prostate and colon and rectum

what is simple epithelium

one layer of cells

what is stratified epithelium

2 or more layers of cells

what two terms are used of arrangement of cells

simple and stratified epithelium 

what words are used in terms of shapes of epithelial cells

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

what is squamous

cells appear flattended or scale like

what is cuboidal

cells height is the same as cell width

what is columnar

cell height is greater than cell width

what is transitional

cells that have the ability to change shape to accommodate function

where does sarcomas arising from

connective tissue such as bone, fat, cartilage, muscle, vessels

what is the greek word of sarcoma

flesh

what is the spread of sarcomas

blood-borne to lungs

is lymphatic rare in sarcomas

yes

what is chondrosarcoma

sarcoma of the cartilage

what is osteosarcoma

sarcoma of the bone

what is liposarcoma

sarcoma of fat

what is another category for leukemia and lymphomas

lymphoreticular malignancy

are leukemias and lymphomas considered a category of their own

yes

what are some examples of leukemia and lymphomas

leukemia, hodgkin’s disease, mycosis fungoides, multiple myeloma

what is atrophy 

decrease in the size of the tissue or structure

what is hypertrophy

increased size of cells

what is hyperplasia

increased number of cells

what is metaplasia

conversion of one kind of tissue into a form that is not normal for that tissue

what is dysplasia

cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer 

what is in situ

pre-invasive cancer

what is there when there are mutations accumulate in a cell

progressive loss of regulation of cell cycle and cell differentiation

what can make cells look different, but does not mean pre-malignant

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

what can dysplasia revert back to

hyperplasia

what is not cancer now, but is moving in that direction

dysplasia

what happens if in situ cells are left untreated

may remain confined indefinitely, but it may acquire additional mutations that enable it to progress to an invasive cancer

examples of sarcomas of malignant tumors

fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, rhabdomysarcoma

what are examples of “other” malignant tumors

wilm’s tumor, malignant teratoma

what is a cryosection

frozen section procedure

what is a frozen section procedure (cryosection)

a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen

what is a cryosection used most for

often in oncological surgery

what is a cryosection used to check

margins, pathologic diangnosis, or to evaluate sentinel node

what is a key instrument of cryosection

cryostat

what is a cryostat

freezes tissue rapidly within a gel like medium

what does the slicer capable of slicing

sections as thin as 1 micrometre

what is the usual histology slice is cut at

5-10 micrometeres

10um =

0.01 mm

who reviews the thin slice that is picked up on a glass slide

pathologist

what is faster and lower in the frozen section

faster = preparation; lower = technical quality

how long does permanent section take

16 hrs

how long does the frozen section take

10 min

which section can be kept at room temp

permanent

where is the detail of the pathology report comes from

permanent section