History of Medicine

Sumerians

________ and Egyptians knew about disease states and had healers and specialists.

Da Vinci

________: learned through human dissection about muscles, tendons, and bones.

George Papanicolav

________: discovered the PAP smearing technique to diagnose cervical cancer early.

William Harvey

________: discovered that blood is moved through the body by the heart.

Edward Jenner

________: Introduced the 1st systemic vaccine, and discovered that cowpox (vaccinia) could protect against smallpox.

Joseph Lister

________: created antiseptics, and used phenol to sterilize instruments, wounds, and dressings.

Hippocratic Oath

Hippocrates: (460- 377 BC) founded a school for physicians whose writings have been preserved, credited with the ________ (Do No Harm), and the 4 humor theory.

Alexander Flemming

________: discovery of Penicillin, research on lysozyme, noticed P. Notatim inhibited the growth of Staph A.

Edwin Smith Papyrus

The ________ is the earliest writing on medicine and rejects magic in favor of the science of healing. Written by Imhotep.

Celsus

________: a Roman, who identified the cardinal signs of inflammation, translated the work "cancer "(crab- like growth) described by Hippocrates, wrote "De Medicina "which describes surgery, diet, pharmacy, etc.

Rudolf Virchow

________: introduced the concept of cellular pathology (diseases arise from alterations within cells or tissues) using microscopic observation and discovered Leukemia, pulmonary embolism (PE), termed embolism, connected the supra- clavicle muscle to gastric cancer.

Symptoms

________: Reported by the patient and can not be measured (pain, drowsiness, vertigo)

Greece

________ is considered the cradle of modern Western medicine.

Galen

considered the GOAT physician, a gladiator physician whose writings were used for 1500 years, worked for Claudius Aurelius and his son, was the 1st to describe that arteries were filled with blood and not air, that urine is produced by the kidneys, that the spinal cord and nerves control muscle function, that the heart is the origin of blood vessels, and that sensory nerves are not motor nerves.

Ignaz Semmelweis

________: (1818- 1865)" (Savior of Mothers) "known for sanitation, and washing hands between clinical settings, compared childbed fever in maternity wards staffed by midwives vs. doctors.

Imhotep

________: his name means the one who comes in peace, lived around 2650 BC, he was a pyramid builder the physician to the pharaoh.

Louis Pasteur

________: Known for principles of vaccinations, fermentation, pasteurization, and rabies vaccine.

Gross Examination

________- alteration (lesion) is visible by the naked eye (physical exam, autopsy)

signs

Seen by the doctor or detected by clinical tests (fever, blood pressure)

Lesion

morphological changes or ultrastructural changes in the affected tissue.

Medicine revolved around the 4 humors

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Imhotep

his name means the one who comes in peace, lived around 2650 BC, he was a pyramid builder the physician to the pharaoh

Hippocrates

(460-377 BC) founded a school for physicians whose writings have been preserved, credited with the Hippocratic Oath (Do No Harm), and the 4 humor theory

Celsus

a Roman, who identified the cardinal signs of inflammation, translated the work "cancer" (crab-like growth) described by Hippocrates, wrote "De Medicina" which describes surgery, diet, pharmacy, etc

Galen

considered the GOAT physician, a gladiator physician whose writings were used for 1500 years, worked for Claudius Aurelius and his son, was the 1st to describe that arteries were filled with blood and not air, that urine is produced by the kidneys, that the spinal cord and nerves control muscle function, that the heart is the origin of blood vessels, and that sensory nerves are not motor nerves

Da Vinci

learned through human dissection about muscles, tendons, and bones

William Harvey

discovered that blood is moved through the body by the heart

Rudolf Virchow

introduced the concept of cellular pathology (diseases arise from alterations within cells or tissues) using microscopic observation and discovered Leukemia, pulmonary embolism (PE), termed embolism, connected the supra-clavicle muscle to gastric cancer

Edward Jenner

Introduced the 1st systemic vaccine, and discovered that cowpox (vaccinia) could protect against smallpox

Ignaz Semmelweis

(1818-1865) ("Savior of Mothers") known for sanitation, and washing hands between clinical settings, compared childbed fever in maternity wards staffed by midwives vs. doctors

Robert Koch

founder of Modern Bacteriology

Louis Pasteur

Known for principles of vaccinations, fermentation, pasteurization, and rabies vaccine

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis

Joseph Lister

created antiseptics, and used phenol to sterilize instruments, wounds, and dressings

George Papanicolav

discovered the PAP smearing technique to diagnose cervical cancer early

Alexander Flemming

discovery of Penicillin, research on lysozyme, noticed P. Notatim inhibited the growth of Staph A

Signs

Seen by the doctor or detected by clinical test (fever, blood pressure)

Symptoms

Reported by the patient and cannot be measured (pain, drowsiness, vertigo)

Disease etiology

the cause of the disease (infection, injury, genetic defects)

Pathogenesis

disease process

Example

Streptococcus infects the lung → lung damage, inflammation, fluid accumulation

Lesion

morphological changes or ultrastructural changes in the affected tissue

Functional changes

the impaired function of an organ system, clinical manifestation

Gross Examination

alteration (lesion) is visible by the naked eye (physical exam, autopsy)

Histological Examination

alterations are visible by a microscope

Laboratory Examination

blood test, urine sample, DNA testing

Specialized Examination

x-ray, ultrasound, endoscopy, MRI

Signs of Inflammation

Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), function laesa (impaired function)

Preformed factors (0-4 hrs)

antibodies, serum factors, vasoactive factors (Rubor and Calor)

(4-48 hrs)

an influx of neutrophils, rubor calor, dolor, tumor

(48-96 hrs)

macrophages, all 5 signs of inflammation

(> 96 hrs)

Adaptive immunity, T-cells are activated and migrate to inflammatory sites (dolor, tumor, function laesa)

Calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, function laesa

Cardinal Signs of inflammation

Disease Etiology

the cause of the disease (infection, trauma, genetic defect, etc.)

(0-4 hrs)

Preformed factors, antibodies, serum factors, vasoactive factors (Rubor and Calor)

(4-48 hrs)

an influx of neutrophils, rubor calor, dolor, tumor

(48-96 hrs)

macrophages, all 5 signs of inflammation

(>96 hrs)

Adaptive immunity, T-cells are activated and migrate to inflammatory sites (dolor, tumor, function laesa)

Pathogenesis

disease process

Functional changes

the impaired function of an organ system, clinical manifestation (stage 4)