Chapter 1: History and Approaches

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21 Terms

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**Wilhelm Wundt**
set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany.
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**structuralism**
the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations
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**William James**
examined how these structures Wundt identified function in our lives (James’s theory is called **functionalism**)
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**Mary Whiton Calkins**
who studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association.
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**Margaret Floy Washburn**
was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.
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**G. Stanley Hall**
pioneered the study of child development and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
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**Gestalt Psychology**
tried to examine a person’s total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences.
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**Sigmund Freud**
believed that this hidden part of ourselves builds up over the years through **repression**
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**unconscious mind**
a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave.
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**repression**
the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them.
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**John B. Watson**
along with others wanted to establish **behaviorism** as the dominant paradigm of psychology.
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**B. F. Skinner**
expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of **reinforcement**
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**reinforcement**
environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses
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**Multiple Perspective**
Many psychologists describe themselves as eclectic—drawing from multiple perspectives.
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**Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers**
believe that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs.
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**unconscious** mind
a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to—controls much of our thought and action.
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**Biopsychologists**
explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes.
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**Evolutionary psychologists**
(also sometimes called **sociobiologists**) examine human thoughts and actions in terms of **natural selection**.
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**Behaviorists**
explain human thought and behavior in terms of **conditioning**.
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**Cognitive psychologists**
examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events.
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**Social-cultural psychologists**
look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary between cultures.

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