Chapter 9

Development

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life - that involves growth and decline.

Developmental Psychology

The study of age-related changes in behavior, mental processes, and stages of growth from conception or death.

Teratogens

Such as alcohol and nicotine, are environmental agents that can cross the placental barrier and disrupt prenatal fetal development.

Schema (Piaget)

The basic unit of intellect; cognitive structure (concepts or frameworks) of ideas that organize information; affected by experience.

Assimilation (Piaget)

Applying existing (old) schemas to new information; new information is incorporated 9assimilated) into existing schemas.

(example → child calls a pig, a “doggie”)

Accommodation (Piaget)

Adjusting existing schemas or developing new ones to fit with new information

(example→ a child learns a truck is different from a car even though they both have doors and 4 wheels).

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

(0-2)

Children experience the world through senses and actions.

-Schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities.

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage Develops…

-Object permanence: Infants Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched directly. (4 months)

-Stranger anxiety

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

(2-7)

-Children at this stage can represent things with words and images but lack logical thinking.

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage Develops…

-Language and symbolic representations

-Concepts are not yet operational (lacks reversible mental processes)

-Egocentric (“it stopped raining because I want to go out and play”)

-Thoughts are animated (all objects have thoughts, feelings and motives)

-Pretend play

-Acquisition of rules and experiences

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

(7-11)

-Children think logically about concrete events (not abstractions or hypothetical scenarios)

-Understanding concrete analogies

-Use arithmetical operations

-Less egocentric

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage Develops…

-Conservation: Physical properties remain unchanged when looked different

-Mathematical transformations

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

(11+)

-Children use abstract reasoning, logic/hypothetical thinking, deductive reasoning and potential for mature moral reasoning.

Adolescence in formal operational stage experience egocentrism

Personal fable: They alone are having certain thoughts and feelings, and these are unique.

Imaginary audience: Tendency to believe that they are the center of others thoughts and attentions.

Trust vs Mistrust (0-1)

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met.

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3)

Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

Initiative vs.guilt (3-6)

Take initiative on some activities- may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped.

Industry vs. inferiority (7-11)

Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not.

Identity vs. confusion (12-18)

Experiment with and develop identity and roles

Intimacy vs. isolation (19-29)

Establish intimacy and relationships with others

Generatively vs. stagnation (30-64)

Contribute to society and be part of a family

Integrity vs. despair (65+)

Access and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.

Authoritative Parenting

Parents generally set and enforce firm limits, while also being highly involved, tender, and emotionally supportive.

-I care about you, but there’s rules and you need to be responsible

Authoritarian Parenting

Parents are rigid and punitive, while also being low on warmth and responsiveness. (mean)

-My way

Permissive-indulgent Parenting

Parents set few limits or demands, but are highly involved and emotionally connected.

-I care about you- and your free will to do what you like

Permissive-neglectful Parenting

Parents make few demands, with little structure or monitoring, and show little interest or emotional support; may be actively rejecting.

-I don’t care about you or what you do