Physio-Bio Psych Midterm Exam Reviewer Goodluck!!!
Biological Psychology
Also called Physiological Psychology. It is the study of the biology of behavior. It focuses on the nervous system, hormones, and genetics.
Biological Approach
Believes behavior to be a consequence of our genetics and physiology. The only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological and thus physical point of view.
Physiological
All that is psychological is first _____________.
Comparative Method
Physiology
Investigation of Inheritance
The biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in 3 ways:
Comparative Method
Different species of animal can be studied and compared. This can help in the search to understand human behavior.
Physiology
Discusses how the nervous system and hormones work, how brain functions, how changes in structure and function can affect behavior.
Investigation of Inheritance
It is what an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance (genetics).
Biological Explanation
Functional Explanation
Ontogenetic Explanation
Evolutionalry Explanation
4 Biological Explanations of Behavior
Biological Explanation
It relates the behavior to an activity of the brain or other organs.
Functional Explanation
defines or elaborates why a behavior evolved in the way that it did.
Genetic Drift
It is where a gene spreads within a small population by pure accident.
Ontogenetic Explanation
describes the development of a behavior or structure.
Evolutionary Explanation
Looks at a behavior or structure by way of evolutionary history.
Consciousness
Refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environment.
Rene Descartes
Introduced the concept of mind-body dualism.
Dualism
It is a metaphysical view that all things are reducible to 2 essentially different realities; mind and matter.
Introspection
A process used by structuralists to analyze and report conscious sensations, thoughts, and experiences.
William James
Compared consiousness to a stream; unbroken and continuous despite constant shifts and changes.
Sigmund Freud
He focused on understanding the importance of conscious and unconsious mind
Integrated Information Theory
Global Workspace Theory
Two Major Theories of Consciousness
Integrated Information Theory
Looks at consciousness by learning more about the physical processes that underlie our conscious experiences. The quality of an organism’s consciousness is represented by the level of integration.
Global Workspace Theory
Suggests that we have a memory bank from which the brain draws information to form the experience of conscious awareness.
Chromosomes
Contain genetic material that can determine a person’s characteristics.
46 Chromosomes (23 pairs)
Number of chromosomes in a human being
Autosomes
Sex Cromosomes
2 types of Chromosomes
Sex-linked Genes
Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.
Sex-limited genes
When the characters are physically expressed in one sex only.
Genotype Environment Correlations
Refer to genetic differences in exposure to particular events
Passive
Evocative (Reactive)
Active (Selective)
3 types of genotype-environment correlation
Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation
an association exists between a person’s genetic makeup and the environment in which he or she is raised.
Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlation
happens when an individual’s (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.
Active Genotype-Environment Correlation
the person’s genetic makeup may lead them to select particular environments.
Neuroanatomy
It is the anatomy of the nervous system. It refers to the study of the various parts of the nervous system and their respective function(s).
Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory Function
Nervous System uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occuring both inside and outside the body.
Stimuli
Refers to the changes that occurs both inside and outside the body.
Sensory Input
Refers to the gathered information from the stimuli.
Integrative Function
The Nervous System process and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done at each moment -- a process called Integration.
Motor Function
The nervous system then send information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly such as muscular contraction or glandular secretions.
Neurons
Nerve cells. They are the main structural and functional units if the nervous system. Each one consists of a body (soma) and a number of processes (neurites).
Everywhere
In what part in human body can you find nerve cells?
Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Unipolar
Four structural types of neuron
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Two major divisions of the Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Two types of Neurons
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Major divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Symphatetic Nervous System / Division
Parasymphatetic Nervous System / Division
Major divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
It is the control center of the body consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It interprets incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions.
Peripheral Nervous System
It consists of bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
(The) Brain
It is one of the largest and most complex organs in the body.
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Major Divisions of the Brain
Forebrain
Division of brain which processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem solving, and regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions.
Midbrain
Division of brain which helps regulate movement and processes auditory and visual information.
Hindbrain
The part of the brain that mostly coordinates autonomic functions that are essential to survival.
Cerebral Cortex
Cingulategyrus
Corpus Callosum
Limbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Structures in the Forebrain
Cerebrum
It regulates senses, memory, emotions, intellectual activities, and body movements. It is the largest part of the brain covered by the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral Cortex
is responsible for processing information to the right and left cerebral hemisphere.
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Four Lobes of the Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe
involves voluntary movement, reasoning, impulse control, language, and speech.
Broca’s Area
Part of the left frontal lobe and is associated with speech production.
Phineas Gage
He is often reffered to as the “Man who began Neuroscience”.
Parietal Lobe
mainly involved with processing the sense of touch, limb position, and spatial awareness.
Damage to this lobe can produce disorders of language (aphasia) and inability to percieve objects normally (agnosia).
Contralateral Function
It refers to how the right side of the brain is responsible for activity on the left side of the body and vice versa.
Temporal Lobe
primarilly processes auditory stimuli. It communicates with the hippocampus to produce long-term memory.
Damage to this lobe can result in disturbance with selective attention to what we hear and see, difficulty with identification and categorization of objects, difficulty learning and retaining new information.
Wernicke’s Area
A region in the temporal lobe which comprehends the sounds we hear by translating different pitches and frequencies into meaning.
Occipital Lobe
located at the rear end of the cerebral cortex and is known to be the visual processing center of the brain.
Damage to this lobe can cause an inability to identify colors, loss of visual capacity and even hallucinations.
Brodmann Area 17
It determines size, shape, and location of objects in the field of vision.
Corpus Callosum
network of nerve fibers which connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Roger Sperry’s Split-brain Experiments (1960s)
Aims to test the effects of hemispheric de-connection in humans to see if cognition differs between hemispheres.
Thalamus
It is our body’s information relay station.
Amygdala
the critical component of the limbic system. An almond-shape set of neurons respoonsible for processing fear.
Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy (1930s)
Researchers who established the connection between fear and amygdala.
Hypothalamus
Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state, It produces hormones that control body temperature, heart rate, and mood.
Hippocampus
It is involved in memory, learning, and emotion. Its largest job is to hold short-term memories and transfer the longterm storage in our brains.
Pituitary Gland
It is referred as “Master Gland” of the endocrine system.
Colliculi
Tegmentum
Cerebral Peduncles
Three parts of the midbrain
Colliculi
processes visual and auditory signals before they are relayed to the occipital and temporal lobes.
Tegmentum
Involved in movement coordination and alertness.
Cerebral Peduncles
Play an important part in the central nervous system.
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum (Brainstem)
Parts of the Hindbrain
Medulla Oblongata
Also known as medulla, is the lowest part of the brainstem. Involved in breathing, heart rate, digestion, swallowing, heart rhythms, and sneezing. It controls automatic processes.
Pons
Latin for “bridge”. It is a group of nerves that are involved in arousal, sleep, motor control, and muscle tone.
Cerebellum
Latin for “little brain”. It plays a vital role in language and attention. Also responsible for coordinating movement and balance.
Damage to this may cause balance problems and gait disorders along with difficulty in coordination resulting in ataxia, uncoordinated movements, imbalance speech problems, visual problems, and vertigo.
Spinal Cord
Is a reflex and conduction pathway which is found within the vertebral canal. It extends from foramen magnum to L1 or L2.
Bell-Magendie Law
States that entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the existing ventral roots carry motor information.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord
Gray Matter
located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
White Matter
composed mostly of myelinated axons that carries information from gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord.
Afferent Neurons
Also known as Sensory Neurons, carry information from the PNS to CNS. A = Arrives
Efferent Neurons
Also known as Motor Neurons, carry information from the CNS to PNS. E = Exits
Somatic Nervous System
Allows us to cconsciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles. Often referred to as the voluntary nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of smooth muscles and glands. Commonly called as the involuntary nervous system.
Sympathetic Nervous System
It controls what has been called as the “fight or flight” phenomenon. It works during fear, anger, and pain to fulfill body’s demand in such situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
It is the “housekeeping” system and is in control most of the time. This system relaxes us and is responsible for “rest and digest”.
Cervical Plexus
Branchial Plexus
Lumbar Plexus
Sacral Plexus
Four Major Plexuses of the Spinal Cord
Neurotransmitter
The specialized molecules that carry the signals across the synapses.
Neurotransmission
From the Latin word transmissio meaning “passage”, and transmittere meaning “send, let through”. It is is the process by which neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron, and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron a short distance away.
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
The Three Layers which give rise to every Physiological system
Neurogenesis
Cell Migration
Cellular Differentiation
Outgrowth
Four Stages in the Process of Neuron Development
Neurogenesis
The very first stage of neuronal development, cells that have yet to be differentiated will undergo mitosis to produce either stem cells, or neuroblasts.