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Chemical Level
The level of body organization that includes atoms and molecules, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.
Cellular Level
The basic structural and functional units of an organism.
Tissue Level
Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that perform certain special functions.
Organ Level
Structures composed of two or more different tissues that have specific functions.
System Level
A collection of related organs that have a common function.
Organismal Level
A collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems; any living individual.
Integumentary System
The system that includes skin and associated structures such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands; functions to protect the body and regulate temperature.
Skeletal System
Composed of bones, joints, and associated cartilages; supports and protects the body and aids in movement.
Muscular System
Composed of skeletal muscles; produces body movements and generates heat.
Nervous System
Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs; regulates body activities through action potentials.
Cardiovascular System
Composed of blood, heart, and blood vessels; transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes wastes.
Lymphatic System
Composed of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils; aids in immune response and returns fluid to blood.
Respiratory System
Composed of lungs and air passageways; functions in gas exchange and voice production.
Digestive System
Composed of gastrointestinal organs and accessory organs; functions in the breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients.
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; maintains homeostasis of body fluids.
Endocrine System
Composed of glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands; regulates body activities by releasing hormones.
Reproductive System
Composed of gonads and associated organs; functions in the production and transport of gametes.
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism.
Homeostasis
The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment produced by regulatory processes.
Feedback System
A cycle of events where the body is monitored and re-monitored, involving receptors, control centers, and effectors.
Negative Feedback
A feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Positive Feedback
A feedback system that strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
Body Fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Fluid within cells.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph.
Anatomical Position
A standardized method of observing the body, with the body upright, facing forward, and limbs at the sides.
Prone Position
The body is lying face down.
Supine Position
The body is lying face up.
Superior
A directional term meaning above or toward the head.
Inferior
A directional term meaning below or toward the feet.
Anterior
A directional term meaning toward the front of the body.
Posterior
A directional term meaning toward the back of the body.
Lateral
A directional term meaning farther from the midline of the body.
Distal
A directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment or origin.
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into left and right parts.
Frontal Plane
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse Plane
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Cranial Cavity
The space formed by the cranial bones that protects the brain.
Vertebral Canal
The space formed by the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord.
Thoracic Cavity
The cavity formed by the ribs and diaphragm that contains the lungs and heart.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The cavity extending from the diaphragm to the groin, containing abdominal and pelvic organs.
Serous Membrane
A thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera and lines body cavities.
Pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities surrounding the lungs.
Pericardium
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart.
Peritoneum
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs.
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