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active transport
the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane; requires ATP; lower concentration to higher concentration, against the concentration gradient
apoptosis
the process of programmed cell death
aquaporin
type of integral membrane (channel) protein that facilitates the transport of water across cell membranes
channel protein
integral membrane protein that creates holes/pores that penetrate the membrane, enabling molecules or ions to flow through without interacting with the protein
carrier protein
integral membrane protein that binds to molecules on one side of the membrane and release them on the other
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
cell (plasma) membrane
a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment
cell wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of plant, fungi and bacteria cells
centrioles
in animal cells (not plant cells); cylinder shape made of 9 microtubules; their function is to organize microtubules in the cytoplasm
chloroplast
an organelle (in plants) where photosynthesis takes place
cholesterol
structural component of cell membrane; serves as a building block for synthesizing various steroid hormones
common ancestry
ancestral organism shared by two or more descendant lineages (homology)
homology
similarity of structure, physiology, or development based upon descent from a common evolutionary ancestor
compartmentalization
compartments (membrane-bound organelles and internal membranes) in eukaryotic cells
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of solute and solvent between sides of a membrane
cytoplasm
includes everything inside of the cell, except the nucleus
cytoskeleton
the structure that maintains the shape and organization of the cell and provides the cell’s mechanical support
cytosol
the fluid where organelles reside in a cell
diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration
double membrane
structure that consists of two layers of phospholipids surrounding a cellular organelle (inner and outer membrane; intermembrane space between the two membranes)
endocytosis
process by which cells take in substances (nutrients or pathogens) from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle (if the cell is immune to the entering pathogen it will destroy it)
endoplasmic reticulum
transportation organelle made of the smooth ER and the rough ER; only found in eukaryotes; it’s functions include protein folding and protein and lipid molecule synthesis
endosymbiosis
two organisms living together with one inside the other
endosymbiotic theory
proposes that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
eukaryotic cells
cells containing organized nucleus and organelles which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles
exocytosis
process by which large molecules move out of the cell to the cell exterior
extracellular
situated or occurring outside of a cell(s)
facilitated diffusion
the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane; type of passive transport because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient
flagella
microscopic hair-like structure involved in the locomotion of a cell
fluid mosaic model
describes the fluid and flexible nature of the cell membrane and also the components its made from
glycolipid
lipid with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
glycoprotein
molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein
golgi complex
a stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytosol; prepares protein and lipid molecules for use in other places in or outside of the cell
heat exchange
the process of energy exchange between systems through their interconnected boundaries