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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Voluntary control
Striped appearance of muscle fibers/cell
aka Striated to striped voluntary muscle
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Involuntary control
Striated appearance
Forms walls of heart
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Involuntary control
Controls flow and secretion in blood vessels, hollow organs, digestive system
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Produce Skeletal movement - pull on tendons to move bones
Maintain posture and body position - stabilize joints to aid in posture
Support soft tissue - support weight of visceral organs
Regulate entering and exiting of material - voluntary control over swallowing, defecation and urination
Maintain body temperature - some of the energy used for contraction converted to heat
Parallel Fusiform
Round thick belly with tapered ends
Run entire length of a muscle or may be interrupted by transverse, tendinous tissue at regular intervals
Convergent (fan)
Form a broad area but come together at a common point
Pennate (feather like arrangement)
Unipennate - Fibers arranged on the same side of tendon
Bipennate - fibers arranged on both sides of the tendon
Multipennate - The tendon branches within the muscles
Circular (sphincteric)
Muscle fibers from concentric rings, constricting an opening or orifice when contracting
Agonist
Prime mover
Achieve intended movement
Antagonist
Oppose intended movement
Synergist
Contract together to accomplish movement
Assisting muscles
Stabilizer
Action is to primarily fixate a joint
Sternocleidomastoid action
Unilateral - laterally flexes head to same side, rotates head opposite side
Bilateral - Flexes neck, protracts head, aids in inhalation
Scalene action
Flexes and side bends the neck, elevates ribs 1 and 2 (aids in inhalation)
Deep intrinsic Back Muscles
Stabilizes and provide delicate adjustment of vertebrae; slightly extends and rotates vertebrae
Quadratus Lumborum Action
Unilateral - laterally flexes vertebral column
Bilateral - depresses ribs during forced exhalation; stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation
Internal intercostals action
Depresses ribs
External intercostals actions
Elevates ribs
External oblique action
Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side
Internal oblique action
Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the same side
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus - Abducts arm
Infraspinatus - laterally rotates arm
Teres Minor - Adducts and laterally rotates arm
Subscapularis - Adducts and medially rotates arm
Anterior Compartment of forearm muscles (flexors)
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronation and flexion
Posterior compartment of forearm (extensors)
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Supination and extension
Superficial or 1st layers of anterior forearm
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
2nd layer of anterior forearm musculature
Flexor digitorum ulnaris
3rd layer of Anterior Forearm Muscles
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
4th layer (deepest) anterior forearm musculature
Pronator quadratus
1st layer posterior forearm muscles
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor Carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitiroum communis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus
2nd layer posterior forearm muscles
Supinator
Abductor pollicuis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollisics longus
Extensor indicis
Thenar and hypothenar eminence
Contain muscles to abduct, flex and preform opposition of digits 1 and 5
Midpalmar or central group
Contain muscles that adduct and abduct digits, assist in flexion of MP joints and extension of IP joints
Due to their attachment into the extensor expansion
Superficial fascia of IT band
Continuous layer over whole of thigh, contains fat, superficial vessels and nerves - support stalking
Deep Fascia (fascia lata)
Layer surrounds muscles and varies in thickness under the name IT Tract
Separates individual muscles
Dense irregular connective tissue
Deep Lateral Rotators of the thigh
Piriformis
Super gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Obturator externus
Obturator Internus
Quadratus Femoris
Lateral compartment of leg
Fibularis longus
Fibularis Brevis
Superficial posterior compartment Of leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Anterior Compartment of leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
Deep posterior compartment leg muscles
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Triceps Surae
Tow heads of the gastrocnemius and single head of soleus are grouped together and are known as triceps surae
Neurons
Electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit and receive nerve impulses
Neuroglia (glial Cells)
non excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
5x more abundant than neurons and accounts for ½ volume of nervous system
Glial cells are smaller than neurons maintain the ability to divide
Neuron classification
structural - process of emanating from cell body
Functional - sensory neurons transmit impulses from peripheral receptors to the brain or spinal chord
Anatomy of Spinal chord
Passes though foramen magnum
End of spinal chord called conus medullaris
Spinal cord subdivided into 5 parts
Cervicale to coccygeal
Parts do not match up exactly with the vertebra of the same name
Collection of axons entering or leaving spinal chord
Roots are a collection of 8 - 12 rootlets
31 pairs of nerves
Cauda equina
Spinal chord Meninges
Protected and encapsulated by these
Pia matter - Innermost meninx that adheres directly to the spinal chord
Delicate layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal chord
Arachnoid matter - spiderlike web fibers
Dura matter - Most external layer of meninges
Epidural space
Between dura matter and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra
Houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue
Epineurium spinal nerve
Tough fibrous sheath of dense irregular connective tissue
Isolates neve from general circulation
Perineurium spinal nerve
Not as dense as epineurium
Surrounds bundles of axons, fascicle
Endoneurium
Delicate collagenous and elastic fibers
Spinal Nerve Distribution (somatic nervous system)
After exiting intervertebral foramen it divides into 2 rami
Dorsal ramus - innervate deep muscle and skin of back
Ventral ramus - innervate large portion of the trunk, upper and lower limbs
Nerve Plexuses
Nerves join, branch out, then rejoin
Contributions from ventral rami of spinal nerve
Cervical Plexus
Spinal nerves c1 - c4
Supplies anterior neck muscles: skin of the neck, head and shoulders
Notable branch: phrenic
Phrenic Nerve
Branch of cervicale plexus
Receives contribution from c3 - c5
Provides entire nerve supply to the diaphram
Brachial Plexus
Formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves c5 - t1
Innervates pectoral girdle and entire upper limb
Dermatomes
Segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
Anesthesia in selected region could innervate a segment of skin
Ambiguous tomograph
Lumbar Plexus
Ventral Rami of spinal nerves
notable - femoral n gives rise to many motor branches to the thigh; saphenous n. longus branch relaying sensory information on the leg
Sacral Plexus
Ventral Rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4
Note - sciatic n. supplies the posterior thigh, leg and foot
Sacral Plexus
Sciatic never, largest and longest nerve in the body
Sciatic n. composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath - tibial division and common fibular division
Embryonic Development of the brain
Neural place - Neural groove - Neural tube
Brain Regions
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Grey Matter
Neuron cell bodies and their associated dendrites
Form nucelli
Unmyelinated axons
White Matter
Myelinated axon
Form tracts
Support and protection of the brain
Boney cranium
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier
Meningeal spaces
Extradural or epidural space
Potential space between bone and dura mater
Exists only under pathological conditions
Subdural space
Subarachnoid Space
Cranial Dural Septa
Extension of meningies
Flax cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma selae