Anatomy Midterm 2

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64 Terms

1

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Voluntary control

Striped appearance of muscle fibers/cell

aka Striated to striped voluntary muscle

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2

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Involuntary control

Striated appearance

Forms walls of heart

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3

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Involuntary control

Controls flow and secretion in blood vessels, hollow organs, digestive system

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4

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Produce Skeletal movement - pull on tendons to move bones

Maintain posture and body position - stabilize joints to aid in posture

Support soft tissue - support weight of visceral organs

Regulate entering and exiting of material - voluntary control over swallowing, defecation and urination

Maintain body temperature - some of the energy used for contraction converted to heat

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5

Parallel Fusiform

Round thick belly with tapered ends

Run entire length of a muscle or may be interrupted by transverse, tendinous tissue at regular intervals

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6

Convergent (fan)

Form a broad area but come together at a common point

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7

Pennate (feather like arrangement)

Unipennate - Fibers arranged on the same side of tendon

Bipennate - fibers arranged on both sides of the tendon

Multipennate - The tendon branches within the muscles

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8

Circular (sphincteric)

Muscle fibers from concentric rings, constricting an opening or orifice when contracting

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9

Agonist

Prime mover

Achieve intended movement

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10

Antagonist

Oppose intended movement

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11

Synergist

Contract together to accomplish movement

Assisting muscles

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12

Stabilizer

Action is to primarily fixate a joint

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13

Sternocleidomastoid action

Unilateral - laterally flexes head to same side, rotates head opposite side

Bilateral - Flexes neck, protracts head, aids in inhalation

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14

Scalene action

Flexes and side bends the neck, elevates ribs 1 and 2 (aids in inhalation)

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15

Deep intrinsic Back Muscles

Stabilizes and provide delicate adjustment of vertebrae; slightly extends and rotates vertebrae

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16

Quadratus Lumborum Action

Unilateral - laterally flexes vertebral column

Bilateral - depresses ribs during forced exhalation; stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation

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17

Internal intercostals action

Depresses ribs

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18

External intercostals actions

Elevates ribs

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19

External oblique action

Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side

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20

Internal oblique action

Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the same side

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21

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus - Abducts arm

Infraspinatus - laterally rotates arm

Teres Minor - Adducts and laterally rotates arm

Subscapularis - Adducts and medially rotates arm

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22

Anterior Compartment of forearm muscles (flexors)

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Pronation and flexion

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23

Posterior compartment of forearm (extensors)

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

Supination and extension

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24

Superficial or 1st layers of anterior forearm

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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25

2nd layer of anterior forearm musculature

Flexor digitorum ulnaris

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26

3rd layer of Anterior Forearm Muscles

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor pollicis longus

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27

4th layer (deepest) anterior forearm musculature

Pronator quadratus

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28

1st layer posterior forearm muscles

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis

Extensor Carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitiroum communis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Anconeus

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29

2nd layer posterior forearm muscles

Supinator

Abductor pollicuis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extensor pollisics longus

Extensor indicis

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30

Thenar and hypothenar eminence

Contain muscles to abduct, flex and preform opposition of digits 1 and 5

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31

Midpalmar or central group

Contain muscles that adduct and abduct digits, assist in flexion of MP joints and extension of IP joints

Due to their attachment into the extensor expansion

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32

Superficial fascia of IT band

Continuous layer over whole of thigh, contains fat, superficial vessels and nerves - support stalking

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33

Deep Fascia (fascia lata)

Layer surrounds muscles and varies in thickness under the name IT Tract

Separates individual muscles

Dense irregular connective tissue

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34

Deep Lateral Rotators of the thigh

Piriformis

Super gemellus

Inferior gemellus

Obturator externus

Obturator Internus

Quadratus Femoris

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35

Lateral compartment of leg

Fibularis longus

Fibularis Brevis

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36

Superficial posterior compartment Of leg

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Plantaris

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37

Anterior Compartment of leg

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Peroneus tertius

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38

Deep posterior compartment leg muscles

Popliteus

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus

Tibialis posterior

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39

Triceps Surae

Tow heads of the gastrocnemius and single head of soleus are grouped together and are known as triceps surae

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40

Neurons

Electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit and receive nerve impulses

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41

Neuroglia (glial Cells)

non excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

5x more abundant than neurons and accounts for ½ volume of nervous system

Glial cells are smaller than neurons maintain the ability to divide

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42

Neuron classification

structural - process of emanating from cell body

Functional - sensory neurons transmit impulses from peripheral receptors to the brain or spinal chord

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43

Anatomy of Spinal chord

Passes though foramen magnum

End of spinal chord called conus medullaris

Spinal cord subdivided into 5 parts

Cervicale to coccygeal

Parts do not match up exactly with the vertebra of the same name

Collection of axons entering or leaving spinal chord

Roots are a collection of 8 - 12 rootlets

31 pairs of nerves

Cauda equina

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44

Spinal chord Meninges

Protected and encapsulated by these

Pia matter - Innermost meninx that adheres directly to the spinal chord

Delicate layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal chord

Arachnoid matter - spiderlike web fibers

Dura matter - Most external layer of meninges

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45

Epidural space

Between dura matter and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra

Houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

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46

Epineurium spinal nerve

Tough fibrous sheath of dense irregular connective tissue

Isolates neve from general circulation

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47

Perineurium spinal nerve

Not as dense as epineurium

Surrounds bundles of axons, fascicle

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48

Endoneurium

Delicate collagenous and elastic fibers

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49

Spinal Nerve Distribution (somatic nervous system)

After exiting intervertebral foramen it divides into 2 rami

Dorsal ramus - innervate deep muscle and skin of back

Ventral ramus - innervate large portion of the trunk, upper and lower limbs

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50

Nerve Plexuses

Nerves join, branch out, then rejoin

Contributions from ventral rami of spinal nerve

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51

Cervical Plexus

Spinal nerves c1 - c4

Supplies anterior neck muscles: skin of the neck, head and shoulders

Notable branch: phrenic

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52

Phrenic Nerve

Branch of cervicale plexus

Receives contribution from c3 - c5

Provides entire nerve supply to the diaphram

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53

Brachial Plexus

Formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves c5 - t1

Innervates pectoral girdle and entire upper limb

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54

Dermatomes

Segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Anesthesia in selected region could innervate a segment of skin

Ambiguous tomograph

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55

Lumbar Plexus

Ventral Rami of spinal nerves

notable - femoral n gives rise to many motor branches to the thigh; saphenous n. longus branch relaying sensory information on the leg

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56

Sacral Plexus

Ventral Rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

Note - sciatic n. supplies the posterior thigh, leg and foot

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57

Sacral Plexus

Sciatic never, largest and longest nerve in the body

Sciatic n. composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath - tibial division and common fibular division

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58

Embryonic Development of the brain

Neural place - Neural groove - Neural tube

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59

Brain Regions

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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60

Grey Matter

Neuron cell bodies and their associated dendrites

Form nucelli

Unmyelinated axons

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61

White Matter

Myelinated axon

Form tracts

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62

Support and protection of the brain

Boney cranium

Cranial meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood brain barrier

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63

Meningeal spaces

Extradural or epidural space

Potential space between bone and dura mater

Exists only under pathological conditions

Subdural space

Subarachnoid Space

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64

Cranial Dural Septa

Extension of meningies

Flax cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

Diaphragma selae

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