Arthrology [COMPLETE]

This set of flashcards was created to help on the exam 2 of GAC Anat&Phys I with Harbitz. It covers the Arthrology section of the exam.

How do we classify joints?

Functional classification (ROM) and/or Structural classification

What are the 3 types of joints based on functional classification?

Synarthroses - immovable joints

Amphiartroses - sligthly movable

Diarthroses - highly movable

What are the types of synarthroses?

Sutures

Gomphosis

Sychondrosis

Synostosis

Synarthroses - What is an example of suture joint?

Joints between the skull bones.

Synarthroses - What is one example of gomphosis?

Teeth in socket joint.

(What are synchondrosis?)

Hyaline cartilage that separate bones 

Synarthroses - What is one example of synchondrosis?

Xyphoid process

(What are synostosis?)

Previous joint that has been fused by bone

What is an exampple of synostosis?

Closed epiphyseal plate.

What are the types of Amphiarthroses?

Syndesmosis - large space between bones with little movement possible

Symphysis - bones separated by pad or fibrous cartilage

What is an example of syndesmosis?

Distal tibofibular joint

What is one example of symphysis?

Intervertebral disks.

What are the types of diarthroses?

Gliding - no angulation

Hinge - monoaxial movement

Pivot - rotation only

Ellipsoid - biaxial movement

Saddle - biaxial movement 

Ball and socket - triaxial 

Diarthroses - What is one example of gliding joint?

Intercarpal joint.

What is one example of hinge joints?

Elbow joint.

What is one example of pivot joint?

Atlas/axis joint.

What is one example of saddle joint?

First metacarpal joint.

What is one example of ball and socket joint?

Shoulder joint.

What are the types of motion?

Linear (gliding)

Angular

Rotation

What are the axes of angular motion?

Monoaxial

Biaxial 

Triaxial

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

Opposition

Inversion/eversion

Protraction/retraction

Elevation/depression

Circumduction

Rotation

Injuries

Sprain - ligament

Strain - tendon/muscle

Dislocation - complete (luxation) or partial (subluxation)

Spinal joints

3 joint complex

2 facet joints (gliding diarthroses)

Symphysis joint between vertebral bodies, and

Atlantoaxial (C1/C2) is the exception (pivot joint)

Spinal ligaments

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)

Intervertebral discs

Contain two parts: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.

Explain Intervertebral herniations.

Happen when the gel-like center of the intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) pushes through the outer layer (annulus fibrosus)  of the disc and presses on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.

What is a whiplash?

Sprain/strain injury to the neck.

What composes the pectoral girdle?

• 2 Clavicles

• 2 Scapulae

Acromioclavicular joint - gliding diarthrosis

Sternoclavicular joint - gliding diarthrosis

AC joint separation.

Disruption of AC joint and surrounding ligaments.

The glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint).

Ball and socket joint/supported by glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, and numerous other ligaments and muscles.

The elbow joint.

Complex joint located at the distal end of humerus and the proximal end of ulna. It is a hinge joint diarthrosis. It is composed of distinct joints that make up the elbow joint:

• Humeroulnar joint - trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

• Humeroradial joint - capitulum of humerus and head of radius

It also includes:

• Supporting muscles: biceps brachii (flexes) and triceps brachii (extends)

• Ligaments: annular (radial head/radial notch); ulnal collateral lig.; and the radial collateral lig.

Elbow injuries - “Golfer’s elbow”

Medial epicondylitis

Elbow injuries - “Pitcher’s elbow”

Damage to ulnar collateral ligament

Elbow injuries - “Tennis elbow”

Lateral epicondylitis

What are the types of joints in the wrist?

Mostly gliding joints.

The pelvic girdle.

Composed by

• Pelvis bones (ilium, ischium, pubis = innominate)

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

The hip joint.

Is a ball and socket diarthrosis. Head of femur connects to the acetabulum of innominate. The Labrum and ligament of femoral head increase stability. 

Also composed by many surrounding ligaments and muscles.

Types of Injuries

• Dislocations

• Sprains

• Strains

• Labrum tears

• Fractures of femoral neck

The knee joint.

Is a hinge diarthrosis. Composed of:

• Femur-tibia articulations - lateral and medial condyles

• Patella-femur articulation

Ligaments:

• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Menisci:

• Medial and lateral menisci - give knee lateral stability

Other structures:

• Fat pads

• Bursae

Injuries of the knee joint.

• ACL

• MCL/LCL

• Meniscus

• Unhappy triad (ACL, MCL, Meniscus)

The ankle joint.

Is a hinge diarthrosis (talus/tibia articulation).

Ligaments:

• Lateral ligament (most commonly sprained) - Anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular

• Medial ligament - deltoid ligament

Define arthritis.

Inflammation or swelling of 1+ joints.

What is osteoarthritis?

Degeneration of joint cartilage. Causes pain and stiffness. Most common type of arthritis.

Define rheumatoid arthritis.

Autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to joint destruction.

Define gouty arthritis.

Condition caused by Uric Acid buildup, which starts to form crystals around joints.

Define arthroscopy.

Procedure to look inside and repair a joint. 

Define arthroplasty.

Surgical procedure to replace a joint.