APHUG GRIND SET

Absolute location

Absolute location

describing where something is using the exact site on an objective coordinate system

Cartography

the science and art of drawing maps

Contagious diffusion

when a cultural trend is transmitted from person to person from an original source to numerous others, similar to a virus or viral video

Cultural Landscape

the title of our textbook and more importantly, the visible changes that humans make to the enviroment including buildings, crops, and signs

Density

the number of things divided by the measurement of area

Diffusion

a feature or idea that is spread from its originating place, outward - the 3 types are contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion

Distance decay

the idea that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases

Environmental determinism

the belief that a physical environment is THE reason that some societies are strong while others are weaker

Environmental possibilism

the belief that a physical environment plays a role in the development of a society, but is NOT the ONLY factor at work

Formal region

a region that is based entirely on something that can be identified and documented or measured - all government areas are this because they share a government

Friction of distance

a metaphor that explains that effort must be used to overcome distance

Functional region

a region based around a node or focal point - terrestrial radio broadcasts are an example of this

Geospatial

relating to data that is specific to one location

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

software that captures, manages, analyzes, and displays data that is collected geographically

Globalization

worldwide integration and development which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities

GPS (Global Positioning System)

a system that measures distance from a series of satellites to determine location on the planet

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

the most important model in geography - (population1 x population2)/distance squared - the interconnectedness of 2 places depends on their distance and population

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Projection

a method of taking a 3D object and putting in on a 2D plane

Reference map

maps that emphasizes the location of places (without data attached)

Region

a place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a measurable or perceived common feature

Relative location

describing the position of a place as compared to (or relative to!) another landmark

Relocation diffusion

the physical spread of a feature or trait by people migrating

Remote sensing

the science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites

Scale of analysis

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data

Stimulus diffusion

when a feature or idea spreads, but is changed by those adopting the idea

Thematic maps

a map that displays not only locations but maps a topic or theme of information with the location

Time-space compression

the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication

Toponym

a place name

Vernacular/perceptual region

an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region

built environment

part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans

Cartogram

A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison.

Choropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Connectivity

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Dot Distribution Map

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

Graduated Symbol Map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

Human Environment Interaction

The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

Isoline Map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels

Latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Map Projection

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

Physical Map

A type of map that shows geographic features such as mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Political Map

A type of map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, and districts.

Regionalization

The organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas

Site

The physical characteristics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources.

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places.

Expansion Diffusion

A trend, innovation, or idea is spread from its originating place, or hearth outward.

Global Scale of analysis

A way to study a phenomenon that is seen or encountered by the entire planet.

National Scale of analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a specific country

Local Scale of analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town, or neighborhood

Photographic Interpretation

the identification, description and measurement of objects in images, especially in aerial photographs, for geologic, cartographic or military purposes

Elevation

The height of land above sea level.

Flows

Geographic movement of people (migration), ideas (culture), goods, and/or materials from one place to another through human-environment interaction.

Adolescent fertility rate

The number of births per 1,000 of woman ages 15 to 19.

Biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.

Breeder reactor

A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium.

Demand

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy.

Developed Country (MDC)

Country identified as those that have a medium to high standard of living with well-established governments and education systems. They have a stable economic growth, with a high GDP per capita and are often described as 'industrialized'.

Developing Country (LDC)

Country identified as those that have not achieved significant industrial growth relative to increase in population. Their GDP remains relatively low and as a result, their standard of living is low. Their structures such as governments and education systems are often unstable.

Development

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Fair Trade

A trade that emphasizes small businesses, worker-owned, fair wages, permits unions, and comply with safety and environmental precautions.

Female Labor Force Participation Rate

The percentage of woman holding full-time jobs outside the home.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Fossil Fuel

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing)

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural energy.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each's country gender inequality.

Geothermal Energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or underground rocks.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The value of the total input of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (usually one year)

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Hydroelectric Power

Power generated from moving water.

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Modification of an HDI to account for inequality within a country.

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.

Literacy Rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

The number of women who die in childbirth per 100,000 births.

Microfinance (Microloans)

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Millennium Development Goals

A set of eight goals set by 191 United Nations member countries that have the goal of halving world poverty by the year 2015.

Nonrenewable Energy

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

Potential Reserve

The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Proven Reserve

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Monetary measurement which take account of what money actually buys in each country

Quaternary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital.

Radioactive Waste

Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation.

Renewable Energy

Resources that have a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Structural Adjustment Program

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.

Supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Uneven Development

Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery.

Value Added

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Ancillary Activities

economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food service

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to providing goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Least Cost Theory

A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration and deglomeration.

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.