LDA MCQ

1. Three major sources of error in GPS measurement are:  

A) Satellite, receiver, atmospheric interference 

B) Satellite, and ground control stations  

C) Receiver, and atomic clocks  

D) Ionosphere, troposphere, and atmosphere 

A) Satellite, receiver, atmospheric interference 

2. To create road buffers as a raster, you must start by executing the_________ tool on the vector  road layer. 

A) Euclidean Distance 

B) Neighborhood Statistics 

C) Euclidean Direction 

D) Raster Buffer

A) Euclidean Distance 

3. Do you need the internet to use GPS? 

A) True 

B) False 

A) True

4. Tobler's law states that_________. 

A) Boolean rasters may have values of one or zero only 

B) Values close together are more likely to be similar 

C) Aggregation schemes may affect the appearance of maps 

D) Each record should have one and only one match in the join table

B) Values close together are more likely to be similar 

5. A GPS signal consists of  

A) A secret digital code,  

B) A message called selective availability  

C) A navigation message, one or more carrier waves, one or more digital codes

D) One or more carrier waves only 

C) A navigation message, one or more carrier waves, one or more digital codes

6. Map algebra is a technique for_________. 

A) analyzing stacks of raster maps using mathematical or Boolean operators 

B) determining the densities of points in a dataset 

C) resampling rasters so that they have the same cell size 

D) determining the minimum, maximum, and average values in a raster

A) analyzing stacks of raster maps using mathematical or Boolean operators 

7. A better spatial interpolation method should have a _____ RMS error. 

A) higher 

B) lower 

B) lower 

What raster function would you use to find the areas of a slope raster that exceed 20 degrees? A) Aspect 

B) Slope 

C) Zonal Statistics 

D) Raster Calculator 

D) Raster Calculator 

9. Estimating values for a new raster between measurements taken at point locations uses  the_________ function. 

A) Neighborhood Statistics 

B) Interpolation 

C) Zonal Statistics 

D) Density 

B) Interpolation 

10. You have a point dataset of wells near the ocean, with a field that contains chloride values. You want to create a raster showing the severity of saltwater intrusion using the chloride values. You  could use the_________ tool. 

A) Euclidean Distance 

B) IDW 

C) Raster Calculator 

D) Zonal Statistics 

B) IDW 

11. When does automatic resampling of rasters occur? 

A) whenever two input rasters with different cell sizes are used in a function 

B) whenever rasters are converted to feature classes 

C) whenever the Raster Calculator is used 

D) whenever neighbor statistics are performed 

A) whenever two input rasters with different cell sizes are used in a function 

12. Why is it important to store rasters in projected coordinate systems that preserve distance and/or  area? 

A) Because many raster tools involve distance and/or area-based algorithms. 

B) Because geographic coordinate systems have lower resolutions. 

C) Because Spatial Analyst will not process unprojected rasters. 

D) Because map algebra requires the cell sizes and locations to match. 

A) Because many raster tools involve distance and/or area-based algorithms. 

13. Select the definition of the term "reclassify function". 

A) replaces sets or ranges of values in a raster with different sets of values 

B) counts the number of occurrences in a circle of specified size 

C) estimates raster cell values between known point measurements 

D) calculates a value for a target cell based on surrounding values in a defined region 

A) replaces sets or ranges of values in a raster with different sets of values 

14. The semivariogram demonstrates the degree of dissimilarity between points as a function of  separation distance. 

A) True 

B) False 

A) True 

15. In a weighted overlay, the weight must sum to 1. 

A. False 

B. True 

B. True 

16. A single dimensionless number called Dilution of Precision (DOP) indicates errors associated with satellite geometry. The lower value of DOP is better. 

A. True 

B. False

A. True 

17. Which of the following is a stochastic (geostatistical) interpolation method? 

A) inverse distance weighted 

B) Thiessen polygons 

C) thin-plate splines 

D) kriging

D) kriging

18. A higher power for the IDW method means that: 

A) Closer control points will have greater influence on the estimation 

B) Closer control points will have less influence on the estimation 

C) Control points will be equalized in terms of their influence on the estimation 

D) None of the above

A) Closer control points will have greater influence on the estimation 

19. Ideally, all rasters being analyzed are stored in the same projection, extent, and cell size

A. to avoid the introduction of resampling errors 

B. to ensure that the map algebra operators work correctly 

C. to eliminate the possibility of distance and area distortion 

D. to ensure that the output rasters are stored in the correct location

A. to avoid the introduction of resampling errors 

20. Why is it important to ensure that your criteria fit the problem that you are trying to solve?

A. The criteria primarily identify the source data that you should use. 

B. Your criteria dictate which type of suitability model that you should use. 

C. The criteria sets the objective for the suitability analysis. 

D. The source data, geoprocessing tools, and transformation methods vary based on the way that the criteria is defined.

D. The source data, geoprocessing tools, and transformation methods vary based on the way that the criteria is defined.

21. Which one of the following functions uses a moving window? 

A. Zonal Statistics 

B. Summary Statistics 

C. Raster Statistics 

D. Neighborhood Statistics

D. Neighborhood Statistics

22. An analysis mask is used to?

A. Calculate zonal statistics for a given region 

B. Add or multiply a raster by a constant value 

C. Ensure that the output grid is not larger than the input grids 

D. Screening out regions outside an area of interest by giving the cells No Data values

D. Screening out regions outside an area of interest by giving the cells No Data values

23. A cost-distance analysis is used to find. 

A. The shortest distance between two locations 

B. The direction of travel between two locations 

C. The easiest path between two locations 

D. The elevation difference between two locations

C. The easiest path between two locations

24. When performing exploratory spatial data analysis, it was determined that the sampled  values were not normally distributed. When creating a prediction surface, how could you adjust the semivariogram model in order to meet the normally distributed assumption? 

A. Increase the subset size 

B. Increase the maximum number of neighbors 

C. Increase the number of simulations 

D. Apply an empirical transformation

D. Apply an empirical transformation

25. Which of the following best describes the primary difference between deterministic and  geostatistical spatial interpolation techniques? 

1. Deterministic methods use mathematical formulas, while geostatistical methods are based on spatial statistics. 

2. Deterministic methods do not allow user-defined parameters, whereas geostatistical methods do. 

3. Geostatistical methods are less reliable as they depend on the spatial configuration. 

4. Deterministic methods provide estimates of prediction error, while geostatistical methods do not.

1. Deterministic methods use mathematical formulas, while geostatistical methods are based on spatial statistics. 

26. What is the primary purpose of using cross-validation in geospatial analysis in GIS?

A. To maximize the error in predictions. 

B. To validate the model by excluding each input sample point systematically. 

C. To minimize the need for statistical analysis. 

D. To increase the complexity of the model. 

B. To validate the model by excluding each input sample point systematically. 

27. How does the theory of relativity proposed by Einstein influence the functioning of GPS? 

A. By adjusting for the time dilation effects due to the speed of the satellites. 

B. By providing the mathematical framework for elliptical satellite orbits. 

C. By determining the geographical layout of continents. 

D. By predicting weather patterns for satellite interference.

A. By adjusting for the time dilation effects due to the speed of the satellites. 

28. Which code of the GPS signal operates at a frequency of 1.023 MHz? 

A. L1 Carrier 

B. C/A Code 

C. Navigation System Data 

D. P-Code

B. C/A Code

29. Which factor does NOT contribute to satellite errors?

1. Orbit 

2. Visibility 

3. Attitude Control 

4. Geometry of satellites

1. Attitude Control 

30. Other satellite-based GNSS systems, other than GPS are:

A) GLONASS  

B) Galileo  

C) BieDou-3 

D) All the above

D) All the above