Unit 6 Vocab (sigma version)

The Enclosure Movement

a movement in England to take land that was public land and change it to privately owned land usually encircled with walls, fences, or hedges

Abbreviation: public to private land

Pneumonic:

Economic Imperialism

when foreign business interests have great economic power and influence which takes advantage of natural resources outside their borders

Abbreviation: takeover with wealth

Pneumonic:

Edmund Cartwright

English inventor of the first wool combing machine

Abbreviation: wool combing machine

Mnemonic:

Eli Whitney

an American inventor known for his idea of interchangeable parts in machinery. If one part of a product broke, a whole new one wouldn't have to be made. Also known for inventing the cotton gin

Abbreviation: made interchangeable part and cotton gin

Pneumonic: Mini Pekka Vasquez

Entrepreneur

a person who starts up and takes on the risk and profits of a business

Abbreviation: Start up business

Pneumonic: Business man

Ethnic Enclaves

groups or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country

Abbreviation: people same foreign country

Mnemonic:

Export Economies

colonies that turned into centers of production that focused on sending their raw materials or products elsewhere

Abbreviation: send raw materials out

Pneumonic: send mats out

Factors of Production

a favorable combination of the needed factors: land, capital, and labor

Abbreviation: land, capital, labor
Pneumonic:

Factory Act of 1802

an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to improve conditions for those working in cotton mills

Abbreviation: Improve conditions in cotton mills

Mnemonic: Come before 1833

Factory Act of 1833

this allowed for the Factory Act of 1802 to be enforced, improved conditions for children working in factories, and extended the law to all textile mills

Abbreviation: enforce factory act of 1802

Mnemonic: after 1802 act

Free Enterprise

an economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Abbreviation: compete no gov interference

Mnemonic:

George Stephenson

an English engineer who perfected a steam locomotive that ran on rails

Abbreviation: perfected steam train

Pneumonic: Steph Curry Golden State Warriors

Ghost Dance

around 1869, the Northern Paiute Indians thought the dead would return to drive out the white invaders and return lands to Native Americans. The Ghost Dance rituals performed were supposed to help this process

Abbreviation: Indian revive dead

Mnemonic: Boo

Great Famine

from 1845 to 1849, the potato crop was destroyed in Ireland causing about 3 million prices

Abbreviation: no Ireland potatoes

Pneumonic: hungry, no food in ireland

Henry Ford

perfected a system to mass produce cars making them more widely available at lower force

Abbreviation: mass produced cars

Pneumonic: Built for tough (Ford is the best in texas)

Humanitarians

people who work to improve the conditions of others

Abbreviation: Work to improve others

Pneumonic: people vegetarian, people, homo sapiens

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military

Abbreviation: military/diplomacy takeover

Pneumonic:

Indentured Servitude

a type of labor (often coerced) in which a person takes out a loan in exchange for agreeing to work without a salary to repay the loan

Abbreviation: Labor for loan

Pneumonic:

Indian Rebellion of 1857

also called the Sepoy Mutiny, a violent uprising against the British in colonial India after the British began using cow and pig fat to grease their rifle cartridges. The rebellion was squashed but it sparked the beginning of Indian nationalism

Abbreviation: Sepoy Mutiny India

Abbreviation:

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Cherokee and other Native Americans from the southeast were forced to relocate to Oklahoma

Abbreviation: Forced relocate Native Americans

Mnemonic:

Industrial Capitalism

an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit

Abbreviation: private capital and industry

Mnemonic:

The Industrial Revolution

the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States beginning in the 1760s

Abbreviation: transition to modern processes

Mnemonic:

Interchangeable Parts

all the parts of a machine were alike so a broken part could be replaced rather than having to replace the entire machine

Abbreviation: replaceable broken part

Mnemonic:

James Watt

an inventor best known for his improvements to the steam engine

Abbreviation: inventor steam engine

Mnemonic: Mr.Beast

Jane Addams

1860-1935. She was the founder of the Settlement House Movement and the first American woman to earn the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

Abbreviation: woman ear Nobel Prize

Mnemonic:

Jan Matzeliger

he invented and patented a machine which made footwear that drastically increased the amount of shoes that could be made in a day

Abbreviation: shoe machine

Mnemonic: January 1st month

Jeremy Bentham

an English philosopher and founder of utilitarianism; argued law was useful and therefore good; believed people should be educated so they could make decisions for themselves

Abbreviation: Founder of utilitarianism

Mnemonic: asian basketball player (jeremy lin), point at benjamin curlee

Jethro Tull

an English agricultural pioneer who created the seed drill to allow seeds to be planted in straight rows making the process of planting faster and more efficient

Abbreviation: created seed drill

Mnemonic:

John D. Rockefeller

an American entrepreneur and founder of the Standard Oil Trust which ended oil competition; he was known for being a ruthless competitor

John Kay

invented the flying shuttle which moved the weft-carrying shuttle quickly across the loom leading to faster cloth production

Abbreviation: make flying shuttle

Mnemonic: JK

John Stuart Mill

believed government should work for the good of all its citizens; rejected economic systems that left workers in poverty; called for the government to protect working children and to improve factory conditions; wrote On the Subjection of Women; believed government should support education and guarantee individual liberty

Abbreviation: believed government for for people

Mnemonic: Lebron james dunk (wind mill)

Joseph Pulitzer

he was a Hungarian immigrant who created the first modern mass-circulated newspaper; his paper included crowd-pleasing features such as color comics; his newspaper, the New York World, became known for its sensational headlines

Abbreviation: Hungarian immigrant newspaper

Mnemonic: Hold the ball

J.P. Morgan

he gained control of key industries like the railroads and steel; he would buy up stock of companies in trouble, and then run them in a way that eliminated the competition to increase his profit

Abbreviation: gained control of railroad and steel

Pneumonic:

Kangani System

a system in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya in which entire families were recruited to work on plantations

Abbreviation: whole families work plantations

Mnemonic: Genghis Khan, Sydney’s boyfriend

Knights of Labor

founded in 1869, this was the first major labor organization in the United States; they organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked

Abbreviation: first major labor organization US

Mnemonic: 3 elixir clash royale card

Laissez-faire Economics

government and regulators have minimal involvement in the operations of private businesses

Abbreviation: government business minimal involvement

Mnemonic:

Manifest Destiny

the belief in the 19th century US that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent

Abbreviation: US expand west
Pneumonic:

Mark Twain

an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer; he is best known for writing Huckleberry Finn, and he is widely considered the father of American literature

Abbreviation: Writer Huckleberry Finn

Pneumonic: Matthew Yang’s dad

Mary Harris Jones

labor organizer, known as Mother Jones; she fought for coal workers' rights by speaking in Appalachian mining towns, encouraging them to join unions; she also fought for child labor laws

Abbreviation: Mother Jones

Pneumonic: Michael Jordan

Mass Production

manufacturing large quantities of a specific product

Abbreviation: make a lot of stuff

Mnemonic: LOW TAPER FADE

Matthew Boulton

he financed the first factory to manufacture steam engines; the industry adapted the engine to power spinning and weaving machines and steam replaced water as industry's major power source

Abbreviation: first factory to make steam engines

Pneumonic: Yang

Mechanization

automatic machinery used to increase production

Abbreviation: machinery

Pneumonic: robot

Migration

the movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions

Abbreviation: move countries

Pneumonic: Birds flying south in winter

Monocultures

a lack of agricultural diversity especially in developing nations

Abbreviation: no agricultural diversity

Mnemonic: Uno one

Monopoly

a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

Abbreviation: many buyers one seller

Mnemonic: Board game

Monroe Doctrine

a US policy drafted in 1823 which opposed European colonialism in the Americas

Abbreviation: no Europe colonialism in Americas

Mnemonic:

Nationalism

identifying with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

Abbreviation: Identify with own nation

Mnemonic:

Natal Indian Congress

founded by Gandhi, this organization worked to expose discrimination against Indians in South Africa

Abbreviation: founded by ghandi

Mnemonic:

Opium War

from 1839 to 1842 war waged between the Chinese and British over the Chinese government's objection to the importation of opium

Abbreviation: war over opium or china drug war

Mnemonic: poppies

Patent

a document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention

Abbreviation: Right to make and sell

Mnemonic:

Penal Colony

a colony established for the purpose of relocating convicts. In 1788, Britain began sending its convicts to Australia

Abbreviation: colony for convicts

Mnemonic: Peepee

Proclamation of 1763

an act from the British that reserved all land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River for Native Americans. This was the first instance of a European power granting territorial rights to indigenous people

Abbreviation: give land to Indians

Mnemonic:

1883 Slavery Abolition Act

ended slavery in parts of the British Empire which created a need for labor. Workers from British West Indian territories were recruited to fill the labor gap

Abbreviation: end slavery in Britain

Mnemonic:

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876. The patent for the telephone was the most valuable patent ever issued

Abbreviation: Made Telephone

Pneumonic: Ding ding

Alessandro Volta

an Italian scientist who invented the first electric battery

Abbreviation: first electric battery

Pneumonic: Electro wizard, electricity

André-Marie Ampère

a French man who worked out the principles governing the magnetic effect of electricity now known as electromagnetism

Abbreviation: electromagnetism

Mnemonic:

Anarchist

person who opposes all forms of government

Abbreviation: hate all government

Pneumonic:

Assembly Line

a method of manufacturing in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt with individuals stationed along the belt to work on specific tasks

Abbreviation: manufacture along a belt

Mnemonic:

Assimilation

the act of becoming part of another culture

Abbreviation: become new culture

Pneumonic: Butt Donkey

Banana Republics

small Central American countries that fell under the economic power of foreign corporations

Abbreviation: Small Central American countries

Mnemonic: Monkey eats

Berlin Conference

a meeting of several European powers to discuss the orderly colonization of Africa in which colonial boundaries and trade movements were established

Abbreviation: European discuss Africa

Abbreviation:

Bessemer Process

process to make stronger steel at a lower cost

Abbreviation: make steel

Pneumonic: Bee + season after spring

Black Gold

nickname for oil

Abbreviation: oil nickname

Pneumonic:

Boer Wars

also known as the Anglo-Boer Wars, were two wars fought in 1880-1881 and 1899-1902 between the British Empire and two independent Boer states: the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The conflicts arose over the unwanted presence of the British Empire

Abbreviation: South Africa vs Britain

Pneumonic: Anglo-BLANK Wars

Bourgeoisie

owners during the capitalist stage of the 1800s that Marx believed was unfair to the proletariat

Abbreviation: unfair owners proletariat

Mnemonic: Owned the proletariat

Boxer Rebellion

a violent, armed uprising in China that sought to drive all foreigners from China from 1899 to 1901

Abbreviation: uprising in China

Pneumonic: Punch air, Mike Tyson

British East India Company

monopolistic trading body established by the British which exploited Southeast Asia and India for trade. It was a catalyst for the spread of British influence in the area

Abbreviation: British trading body SE Asia and India

Mnemonic:

Cartels

corporate combinations that control entire industries

Abbreviation: control entire industries

Mnemonic: Mexican drug gang

Collective Bargaining

groups of workers from industry unions that negotiate with management for workers as a group

Abbreviation: group negotiate management

Mnemonic:

Compulsory Education

the requirement that children attend school through a certain age

Abbreviation: forced learning/school

Pneumonic:

Congo Free State

privately owned colony by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885-1908 in which he kept all profits and exploited workers. As many as 8 million died under Leopold's reign

Cottage Industry

manufacturing that occurs in a person's home such as weaving

Abbreviation: Manufacture at home

Mnemonic: before Industrial revolution

The Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882 that prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers

Abbreviation: No more chinese in US

Pneumonic: American Ryan Xu

Chinese Immigration Act

an 1855 response to the large influx of Chinese miners in Australia that limited the number of Chinese immigrants that came ashore from each ship

Abbreviation: no more chinese in Australia

Pneumonic: Australian Ryan Xu, CIA

Culture System

introduced by the Dutch in 1830 in the Dutch East Indies in which farmers had to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing mandatory unpaid work

Abbreviation: Grow cash crop or unpaid work

Pneumonic:

David Ricardo

a British political economist who wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation; He stated that working class poverty was inevitable because supply and demand determines wages, and as population grows, wages drop because there are more workers

Abbreviation: Class poverty inevitable

Pneumonic: Mr.Rubac

Division of Labor

assigning different parts or tasks of the manufacturing process to different people in order to improve efficiency

Abbreviation: different tasks for people

Mnemonic:

Proletariat

the working class that Marx thought would be driven into poverty by the capitalists and revolt

Abbreviation: Marx lower class

Pneumonic: Owned by Bourgeoisie

Realist

writers who tried to show life as it really is

Abbreviation: show life how really is

Mnemonic:

Richard Arkwright

he invented a new way to drive machines by waterpower; Began the modern factory system of production

Abbreviation: invent waterpower machine

Mnemonic: Noah’s arc

Robert Fulton

the first to build a profitable steamboat

Abbreviation: profitable steambot

Pneumonic: Rockport (blank = FULTON) high school

Samuel Morse

used the work of Volta and Ampere to invent the telegraph and Morse code to make a practical communication device

Abbreviation: morse code

Mnemonic:

Samuel Gompers

the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. He believed skilled workers were hard to replace because they have to be trained. It barred African Americans, unskilled workers, and immigrants

Abbreviation: glaze skilled workers

Mnemonic:

Spanish-American War

the US victory in 1898 that brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under the control of the US

Abbreviation: US victory get many colonies, (Spain vs US)

Pneumonic:

Social Darwinism

the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Used to justify racist beliefs

Abbreviation: political survival of the fittest, justify racism

Mnemonic:

Socialism

a political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all the people

Abbreviation: Government owned production

Pneumonic: Talking

Steerage

a large open area beneath a ship's deck that was used for storing cargo but later became an area for low cost and low class travel

Abbreviation: Under ship’s deck

Mnemonic:

Tariffs

taxes on imported goods

Abbreviation: tax on import goods

Mnemonic:

Ten Hours Act of 1847

this set a 10 hour working day for women and for children younger than 18. Since this included most workers, factory owners extended this to everyone

Abbreviation: 10 hour working day

Mnemonic:

Thomas Newcomen

an English inventor who created the atmospheric engine which was the first practical fuel burning machine

Abbreviation: create atmospheric engine

Mnemonic:

Tenements

overcrowded housing with poor conditions such as polluted air, lack of clean water, crime, fires, and diseases

Abbreviation: Poor housing/apartments

Pneumonic: Bill of Rights (Ten Amendments)

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who wrote Essay on the Principle of Population; He theorized that population growth would outrun the food supply without limits imposed upon reproduction

Abbreviation: Population growth inevitably outrun food

Mnemonic:

Trail of Tears

the route of forced relocations of Native Americans between 1830 and 1850. The walk was over 5,000 miles long, and over 100,000 Native Americans were forcibly removed from their homelands

Abbreviation: route that relocate Native Americans

Mnemonic: Cry

Treaty of Nanking

after the Opium War, this treaty required China to open ports to foreigners, give Hong Kong to Britain, allow the trade of opium, and pay damages

Abbreviation: Signed after opium war

Mnemonic:

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities with rapidly growing populations

Abbreviation: rural to city

Pneumonic:

Utopian Socialist

early socialists who believed that people could live together in small cooperative settlements where everyone could work together for the common good and they would collectively own all means of production and share in the production. They worked out plans for towns modeled after Thomas Moore's Utopia

Abbreviation: live in small perfect society

Mnemonic: zootopia

White Australia Policy

legislation of the new Commonwealth of Australia that effectively stopped all non-European immigration into the country and that contributed to the development of a racially insulated white society

Abbreviation: European Australia only

Pneumonic: WAP

White Man's Burden

white Europeans claimed responsibility for caring for and civilizing natives of their respective colonies

Abbreviation: Europe civilize natives, Europe’s obligation

Pneumonic:

Wilbur and Orville Wright

the first to build and fly an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 7, 1903

Abbreviation: first two to fly airplane

Mnemonic: Airplane brothers

Yellow Journalism

journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensationalism and attract readers

Abbreviation: exploiting journalism

Pneumonic: