Exam 3 study guide

Ego Dystonic

Ego Dystonic

thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as unacceptable with one’s self-concept

Ego Syntonic

thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as acceptable with one’s self-concept

Psychotherapy

aka talk therapy, helps individuals identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

Gestalt therapy

a form of therapy that increases an individual’s awareness

Behavioral therapy

a form of therapy that aims to change self destructive behavior

behavior modification

alteration of behavior patterns through techniques learned in therapy

applied behavior analysis

a form of therapy that is one on one, improve social skills

Psychodynamic therapy

focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self

Existentialism therapy

a form of therapy that focuses on free will and self determination

Client Centered

the client is able to decide what they explore in therapy (they guide the conversation)

cognitive behavioral therapy

a form of therapy, aims to reduce symptoms of mental health disorders

cognitive triad

three forms of negative thinking

cognitive distortions

mental biases that increase our anxiety

all or nothing thinking

(a cognitive distortion) a common cognitive distortion, seeing the world in black or white (right or wrong)

arbitrary inference

(a cognitive distortion) forming an opinion on a situation with no evidence or context

emotional reasoning

(a cognitive distortion) the condition of being so strongly influenced by your emotions that you assume that they indicate objective truth

magnification/ minimization

(a cognitive distortion) you magnify the positive attributes of someone and then, you minimize your own positive attributes

Overgeneralization

(a cognitive distortion) an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.

irrational cognitive process

tendency to cling to irrational thoughts

Structured Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

rather than talking freely about your life, you and your therapist discuss specific problems and set goals for you to achieve. focused on current problems

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

form of therapy aimed to help people resolve their behavioral problems to lead happier lives

Dialectical Behavioral therapy

a form of talk therapy for people with intense emotions

distress Tolerance

a person’s ability to tolerate a stressful situation without feeling overwhelmed

drug treatments

used with therapy, can help with the biological perspective, helping neurotransmitters

Psychoactive Medications

substances that, when taken in or administered into one's system, affect mental processes

neuroleptic drugs

used to treat and manage psychiatric disorders

Prozac

treats OCD, depression, bulimia, and panic disorder

Antidepressants

treats major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, etc.

Antianxiety

helps reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks and extreme worry

Antipsychotics

type of psychiatric medication, treats psychosis

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

used as an antidepressant,

Mood stabilizers

a psychiatric medication, used to treat bipolar, mania, and hypomania

systematic desensitization therapy.

a type of behavioral therapy used to help people confront their fears (OCD, anxiety disorders, PTSD)

positive reinforcement.

the introduction of a positive stimulus after a behavior

Extinction

the disappearance of a behavior that was previously learned with an event

classical conditioning

physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Flooding

intensive type of exposure therapy in which you have to face your fears at a maximum level

Modelling

copying someone else’s actions and behaviors

aversion therapy

behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.

token economy

desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods, television time, passes, or other rewards

Exposure therapy

used to help people face their fears

cognitive restructuring

learning to identitfy and dispute maladaptive thoughts

cultural influences

individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms and practices as they evolve over time

Lobotomized

was used to treat rebellion, depression, and schizophrenia, resulted in compliance,loss of mental/physical abilities, and personality changes

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

shocks to the system, treated depression, mania, schizophrenia, voltage was 70

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

electrodes on scalp or implant, activates or inhibits the brain with electricity, treats depression, OCD, anxiety, and PTSD

Neurofeedback

a method that assists subjects to control their brain waves consciously (small peaks

EEG (electroencephalegram)

measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes

Psychosurgery / neurosurgery

derek shepherd, selective surgical removal/destruction of nerve pathways for purposes of influencing behavior, for severe, chronic, debilitating, treatment of resistent psychiatric illnesses

corpus callosum psychosurgery

severing the corpus collosum, the two hemispheres cannot communicate

brain lateralization

the tendency for some functions to be specialized on one side of the brain

proximal factors

influences from individuals close to use in our immediate environment (family and friends)

distal factors

influences that are more removed in time and environment from context (life events, family of origin, culture)

Attitude

beliefs and emotions that predispose individuals to respond to other people in a positive or negative way

ABCs of attitude

Affect, Behavior, Cognition

exposure effect

psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others

Repetition

repeated behavior

Communicator

who is speaking

Message

what you are trying to say

Audience

the people the message is intended for

social roles

a socially defined set of behavior patterns that is expected from a person that belongs to a social category (introvert/extrovert)

self concept

collection of beliefs about yourself

Self esteem

how we value/perceive ourselves

Self efficacy

beliefs in one’s ability

social attitudes

our evaluations about people and a predisposition to act in a particular way towards them

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

students assigned to be a prisoner and a guard, they took their roles too seriously and forgot it was a study, it was shut down six days in

Milgrim's Obedience study

say words in a sequence, if you got one wrong, you get a shock and the voltage is turned up, participants would stop responding and the voltage would be turned up

Availability Heuristic

make a decision based on recent experiences/events

Representativeness Heuristic

used when making judgements about probability (how likely an event is to occur)

Anchoring

decisions are made from a specific reference point (an anchor)

Illegal questions

questions not to asked/answered during an interview or professional conversation

upward social comparison

when someone compares themselves to a person they see as superior

social loafing

a person puts in less effort towards a goal when working in a group

downward social comparison

defensive tendency in self evaluation, they look at a group/person that is worse off to make themselves feel better

Groupthink

members of a group tend to follow one viewpoint

norm of reciprocity

the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return

reference group.

a group that people use as a standard/norm to base themselves off of when selecting and appraising their own abilities

actor

observer effect.

ultimate attribution error.

ultimate attribution error is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances

fundamental attribution error

you tend to cut yourself a break while holding others 100 percent accountable for their actions.

Stereotypes

an oversimplified image of what a group/person should look/act like

Prejudice

a bias

Discrimination

the unjust treatment of people of different genders, culture, ethnicities, sexes, etc.

stereotype threat

socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies

attitude change

when individuals experience feelings of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent cognitions

peripheral route

an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message

central route

a logic

Conformity

going with the group’s/majority answer even if you know it is wrong

Compliance

changing one’s behavior because someone asked you to

Obedience

responding to direct order from an authority figure

Deindividuation

a process where people lose their sense of social identity and resort to anti

cognitive dissonance

mental conflict, beliefs dont line up with actions

door in the face

a two-step procedure for enhancing compliance in which an extreme initial request is presented immediately before a more moderate target request

foot in the door

ask for something small, then ask for something big

Altruistic

helping for the sake of helping

helping behavior

providing aid or benefit to another person

bystander effect

willingness to help decreases when others are around

Intelligence

the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason

unstructured interviews

an interview that is highly flexible in terms of the questions asked, the kinds of responses sought, and the ways in which the answers are evaluated across interviewers or across interviewees

structured interviews

a method for gathering information, used particularly in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions, their wordings, and their order of administration are determined in advance