Ch 13

Ego-dystonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as unacceptable with one’s self-concept

Ego-syntonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as acceptable with one’s self-concept

Psychotherapy - aka talk therapy, helps individuals identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

Gestalt therapy - a form of therapy that increases an individual’s awareness

Behavioral therapy - a form of therapy that aims to change self destructive behavior

behavior modification - alteration of behavior patterns through techniques learned in therapy

applied behavior analysis - a form of therapy that is one on one, improve social skills

Psychodynamic therapy - focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.

Existentialism therapy - a form of therapy that focuses on free will and self determination

Client-centered - the client is able to decide what they explore in therapy (they guide the conversation)

cognitive behavioral therapy - a form of therapy, aims to reduce symptoms of mental health disorders

cognitive triad - three forms of negative thinking - self, world, and future

cognitive distortions - mental biases that increase our anxiety

all or nothing thinking - (a cognitive distortion) a common cognitive distortion, seeing the world in black or white (right or wrong)

arbitrary inference - (a cognitive distortion) forming an opinion on a situation with no evidence or context

emotional reasoning - (a cognitive distortion) the condition of being so strongly influenced by your emotions that you assume that they indicate objective truth

magnification/ minimization - (a cognitive distortion) you magnify the positive attributes of someone and then, you minimize your own positive attributes

Overgeneralization - (a cognitive distortion) an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.

irrational cognitive process - tendency to cling to irrational thoughts

Structured Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - rather than talking freely about your life, you and your therapist discuss specific problems and set goals for you to achieve. focused on current problems

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy - form of therapy aimed to help people resolve their behavioral problems to lead happier lives

Dialectical Behavioral therapy - a form of talk therapy for people with intense emotions

distress Tolerance - a person’s ability to tolerate a stressful situation without feeling overwhelmed

drug treatments - used with therapy, can help with the biological perspective, helping neurotransmitters

Psychoactive Medications - substances that, when taken in or administered into one's system, affect mental processes

neuroleptic drugs - used to treat and manage psychiatric disorders

Prozac - treats OCD, depression, bulimia, and panic disorder

Antidepressants - treats major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, etc.

Antianxiety - helps reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks and extreme worry

Antipsychotics - type of psychiatric medication, treats psychosis

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - used as an antidepressant,

Mood stabilizers - a psychiatric medication, used to treat bipolar, mania, and hypomania

systematic desensitization therapy. - a type of behavioral therapy used to help people confront their fears (OCD, anxiety disorders, PTSD)

positive reinforcement. - the introduction of a positive stimulus after a behavior

Extinction - the disappearance of a behavior that was previously learned with an event

classical conditioning - physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Flooding -intensive type of exposure therapy in which you have to face your fears at a maximum level

Modelling - copying someone else’s actions and behaviors

aversion therapy - behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.

token economy - desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods, television time, passes, or other rewards

Exposure therapy - used to help people face their fears

cognitive restructuring - learning to identitfy and dispute maladaptive thoughts

cultural influences: individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms and practices as they evolve over time

Lobotomized - was used to treat rebellion, depression, and schizophrenia, resulted in compliance,loss of mental/physical abilities, and personality changes

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - shocks to the system, treated depression, mania, schizophrenia, voltage was 70-12- for 0.5 seconds about 12 times, thought to have changed the neurotransmitters

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS) - electrodes on scalp or implant, activates or inhibits the brain with electricity, treats depression, OCD, anxiety, and PTSD

Neurofeedback - a method that assists subjects to control their brain waves consciously (small peaks - efficient/focused, large peaks - inattentive)

EEG (electroencephalegram) - measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes

Psychosurgery / neurosurgery - derek shepherd, selective surgical removal/destruction of nerve pathways for purposes of influencing behavior, for severe, chronic, debilitating, treatment of resistent psychiatric illnesses

corpus callosum psychosurgery - severing the corpus collosum, the two hemispheres cannot communicate

brain lateralization - the tendency for some functions to be specialized on one side of the brain

proximal factors - influences from individuals close to use in our immediate environment (family and friends)

distal factors - influences that are more removed in time and environment from context (life events, family of origin, culture)

Attitude - beliefs and emotions that predispose individuals to respond to other people in a positive or negative way

ABCs of attitude - Affect, Behavior, Cognition

exposure effect - psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others

Repetition - repeated behavior

Communicator - who is speaking

Message - what you are trying to say

Audience - the people the message is intended for

social roles - a socially defined set of behavior patterns that is expected from a person that belongs to a social category (introvert/extrovert)

self concept - collection of beliefs about yourself

Self-esteem - how we value/perceive ourselves

Self-efficacy - belief in one’s ability to act

social attitudes - our evaluations about people and a predisposition to act in a particular way towards them

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study - students assigned to be a prisoner and a guard, they took their roles too seriously and forgot it was a study, it was shut down six days in

Milgrim's Obedience study - say words in a sequence, if you got one wrong, you get a shock and the voltage is turned up, participants would stop responding and the voltage would be turned up

Availability Heuristic - make a decision based on recent experiences/events

Representativeness Heuristic - used when making judgements about probability (how likely an event is to occur)

Anchoring - decisions are made from a specific reference point (an anchor)

Illegal questions - questions not to asked/answered during an interview or professional conversation

upward social comparison - when someone compares themselves to a person they see as superior

social loafing - a person puts in less effort towards a goal when working in a group

downward social comparison - defensive tendency in self evaluation, they look at a group/person that is worse off to make themselves feel better

Groupthink - members of a group tend to follow one viewpoint

norm of reciprocity - the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return

reference group. - a group that people use as a standard/norm to base themselves off of when selecting and appraising their own abilities

actor-observer effect. - the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes

ultimate attribution error. - ultimate attribution error is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances

fundamental attribution error - you tend to cut yourself a break while holding others 100 percent accountable for their actions.

Stereotypes - an oversimplified image of what a group/person should look/act like

Prejudice - a bias

Discrimination - the unjust treatment of people of different genders, culture, ethnicities, sexes, etc.

stereotype threat - socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies

attitude change - when individuals experience feelings of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent cognitions

peripheral route - an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message

central route - a logic-driven approach, using data and facts to convince people of an argument or product's worthiness

Conformity - going with the group’s/majority answer even if you know it is wrong

Compliance - changing one’s behavior because someone asked you to

Obedience - responding to direct order from an authority figure

Deindividuation - a process where people lose their sense of social identity and resort to anti-social behavior

cognitive dissonance - mental conflict, beliefs dont line up with actions

door-in-the-face technique - a two-step procedure for enhancing compliance in which an extreme initial request is presented immediately before a more moderate target request

foot-in-the-door technique: ask for something small, then ask for something big

Altruistic: helping for the sake of helping

helping behavior: providing aid or benefit to another person

bystander effect: willingness to help decreases when others are around

Intelligence: the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason

unstructured interviews: an interview that is highly flexible in terms of the questions asked, the kinds of responses sought, and the ways in which the answers are evaluated across interviewers or across interviewees

structured interviews: a method for gathering information, used particularly in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions, their wordings, and their order of administration are determined in advance

Integrity test: a specific type of personality test designed to assess an applicant's tendency to be honest, trustworthy, and dependable

Motivation: influenced by the satisfaction of needs that are either necessary for sustaining life or essential for wellbeing and growth

structured learning: These are experiences that have a clear procedure to ensure that the learning occurs

trainee learning: test knowledge, skills, development

Performance-level: transfer or training to the work place

Training-level: systematic instruction and practice by which an individual acquires competence in a specific discipline, talent, or vocational or recreational skill or activity

identifying and recruiting job candidates: process of identifying and encouraging qualified candidates to apply for jobs with an organization

assessment centers: a standardized evaluation of behavior based on multiple evaluations including: job-related simulations, interviews, and/or psychological tests

job performance appraisal: A process in where an individual's performance is scored and feedback is given

personality test: designed to systematically elicit information about a person's motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style of interacting with people and situations

job applicant interview: an interview for a job ??????

halo effect: a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character

reverse halo effect: when the positive associations and perceptions associated with someone can cause negative reactions and consequences

horns effect: a cognitive process in which we immediately ascribe negative attitudes or behaviours to someone based on one aspect of their appearance or character

critical incident: a event that happens that hinders an employee from doing their work

KSAO: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Other Characteristics

discrimination in recruitment and hiring: illegal for employers to discriminate against race, color, religion, sex, nation of origin, age, disability

transfer of training: the effect of having learned one activity on an individual's execution of other activities

Overlearning: studying material beyond a pre-determined level of mastery

Sequencing:

Feedback: feedback system where employees receive anonymous comments, concerns, and kudos from peers

Kirkpatrick Model: model that evaluates training in 4 levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results

ERG (Existence, relatedness, growth) theory: three groups of core needs, Existence (safy and physiological needs), Relatedness (social and self-esteem), and growth (self-esteem and self-actualization)

Expectancy theory: employees will work hard if they get results

Goal setting theory: goals that are clear, specific, and challenging are more motivating than vague goals or easy goals

job satisfaction: the attitude of a worker toward his or her job

family work conflict: occurs when an individual experiences incompatible demands between work and family roles, causing participation in both roles to become more difficult.

Turnover: whether an employee stays or leaves

Absenteeism: an individual's lack of physical presence at a given location and time when there is a social expectation for that person to be there

quiet quitting: when employees continue to do their job, but only do the work laid out in their job description

aggression at work/bullying: a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes either physical or emotional harm

repetitive strain injuries: pain caused by repeated movement of part of the body

work group: individuals cooperating under the direction of a leader.

work team: a group of people with complementary skills who work together to achieve a specific goal

Leadership: choosing, preparing, and influencing followers of diverse talents, skills, and capabilities while fostering the follower's self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience

autonomous work groups: small, self-regulated, employee-centered units within an organization that are given responsibility for developing procedures, organizing the production process, generating the required product, and maintaining quality

charisma training: provides a platform to practice and measure dynamic social interactions and related cognitive competencies