Studied by 62 PeopleTags & Description
net primary productivity is calculated as
GPP - respiration
units of GPP
kJ/m2/y
which of the following factors is NOT used for quantifying primary productivity over time?
change in consumer biomass
Which is the portion of energy that an organism uses to maintain its body temperature?
respired
Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems.
tropical; coastal
Between latitudes of 30° N and 30° S, NPP is primarily constrained by
precipitation
In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because
the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers
Assimilation energy is the percentage of consumed energy that is
digested and absorbed
Aquatic ecosystems typically have ¬¬¬¬¬_____ trophic levels, while terrestrial ecosystems typically have _____ trophic
5; 3-4
A trophic level has a biomass residence time of 5 years and net productivity of 3 kg/m2/y. What is the biomass in the trophic level?
15 kg/m2
Chose a logical path for a molecule of water starting and ending in the atmosphere.
precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, condensation
Which statement is TRUE about the global hydrologic cycle?- Precipitation is greater than evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems.
Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in terrestrial ecosystems
In waterlogged conditions, anaerobic metabolism of carbon compounds can cause the production of the greenhouse gas
methane (CH4)
Nitrogen-fixing plants such as soybeans are able to convert
atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium
Which is NOT an example of a major human alteration to the global nitrogen cycle?
Animal waste from agriculture
Dead zones are formed when rivers that empty into oceans carry excess phosphorus and nitrate runoff. These dead zones are caused by
algal blooms
Which of the following does NOT significantly affect terrestrial decomposition rates?
phosphorus content of litter
Decomposition is more rapid in _____ forests because of _____.
tropical; increased temperature and precipitation
In the study of leaf decomposition in a stream in Germany using leaf litter enclosed in either fine- or large-mesh bags, researchers found that decomposition was strongly affected by
invertebrates and lignin content
which is not an adaptation to low oxygen aquatic environment
increased metabolic activity
Match adaptation to benefit prevent loss of leaf tissue produce boundary layer of still air able to take up water after brief rainfall protect plants from slow water loss
small leaves with high density veins; spines and hairs; shalllow roots; resin
a fish that has tissue solute concentrations that are higher than surround waters
is hyperosmotic; trying to not drink the environmental water in attempt to maintain internal water concentrations
photosynthesis occurs in two steps known as ___ and the ____
light; calvin
why are both CO2 and O2 limited in aquatic environments?
not very soluble in water
a smallmouth bass swimming in cold water of a springtime lake would likely expend ______ energy than when swimming in warmer water of lake during the summer
more
the temp that water reaches maxx density
4 degree Celsius
rate of biological processes increases two to four times for each ___ increase in temp
10 deg C
fish obtain oxygen from the water through their gills using
countercurrent circulation
which photosynthsis method is best suited to warm dry environment
C4 fixation and CAM
aquatic organisms have developed streamline shapes to adapt to the
viscosity of water
a plant with high number of stomata
high rate of transpiration
the low density of ice
allows aquatic plants to survive the winter
primary cause of coral bleaching
increased water temperature
waters polar nature
makes it a good solvent
T/F adding dissolved compounds such as salt to water increases the boiling point and inc freezing point
false
anaerobic condition
more common in deep water than shallow
spotted salamanders lay eggs in gelatinous masses on twigs partially submerged in small ponds. associated with the eggs scientists have found mutualistic relationship with the developing eggs. what benefit does the salamander recieve from this relationship
salamander embryos recieve increased oxygen supply
which does not limit the ability of aquatic plants to photosynthesize
high levels of carbonic acid
which is not a true statement
all ectotherms are poikilotherms
which of the following is not a part of carbon equilibrium in water
ammonia
availability of soil nutrients varies with
presence other ions soil temp pH
photosynthesis primarily allows plants to produce
glucose
which is not an adaptation that exploits the density of water
long, filamentous appendages
a liquid with low pH would have a ___ H+ concentration and would be called
high ; acidic
T/F: energy benefit of resource item/ handling time = amount of energy gained per unit time
true
T/F: some foragers consume a singular food type as a diet mixing foraging response because one type of food will provide all the necessary nutrients
false
changes in ____ and _____ are often relatively slow phenotypic responses
morphology; life history
this figure shows the tail shape developed by 3 tadpole genotypes (M,N,O) when raised in an environment with predators and an environment without predators. in the presence of predators, tadpoles with large tails have high fitness and tadpoles with small tails have low fitness. when predators arent present tadpoles with large tails have low fitness and tadpoles with small tails have high fitness. which genotypes exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to predators
O only
when the protist Euplotes detects predators, it grows wings and other projections to discourage predators. however developing the projections and wings slows down growth is an example of
phenotypic tradeoffs; phenotypic plasticity
based on the central place foraging theory and the figure, identify the optimal # prey for forarger to catch
8 prey
in response to a specific type of environmental variation, the Burmese phython can drastically increase the size of its heart and length of intestines in fewer than 2 days. what environmental variation causes this drastic change
variation in availability of food
T/F: slow environmental fluctuations favor slow phenotypic responses, whereas rapid fluctuations favor rapid phenotypic responses
true
If a goldfish is acclimated at 25°C, at which temperature would we expect the fish to swim fastest?
25 deg C
which of the following are phenotypically plastic responses of plants to reduced water availability
close stomata in leaves; increase the root/shoot ratio
Consider a mouse that can forage in one of two fields. The south field has three times more seeds than the north field. However, an owl (a predator that eats mice) lives at the south field. The mouse forages in the north field despite the fact that it contains less food. This is an example of:
risk sensitive foraging
since resources vary in ____ and ___ no single foraging strategy can maximize an animals fitness
space and time
different species of birds found feeding in different parts of same forest canopy at the same time may be an example of
microhabitat differences
the average annual rainfall measured in a desert over 10 years is which type of variation
climate
consider the figure, which shows how Virginia pepperweed responds to herbivores. which of the following conclusions can we make soley using the data
plants increased glucosinolate production when aphids were present and plants with more glucosinolate and trichomes had fewer aphids
which of the following is an example of weather
A single location received 10 cm of snow on January 1, 2011, but no snow on January 2, 2011
what is the risk to a species of inbreeding depression?
an increased likelihood of deleterious genes being inherited from both egg and sperm
When humans move from low elevations to high elevations, it typically takes one or more weeks for their bodies to improve their ability to carry oxygen. This is an example of
acclimation
a scientist is studying a bird that forages for worms and takes them back to their nest. if the relation between search time and the # prey caught remains constant but the scientist moves the food closer, what change in the birds beahvior would central place foraging predict?
fewer worms would be brought back per trip
a preadtor should always eat the prey species that provides the highest amount of energy gained per unit time ... this is for the ______ response to food variation
optimal
the figure shows plant growth responses to variation in availibity of water. if this is an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity how would we expect the root to shoot ratio be related to fitness
when water is scarce plants wit high root to shoot ratios have higher fitness
Many types of traits are plastic, such as
behavior, growth, development, and reproduction
match the dormancy type to its defintion and/or example
chipmunks shutting down of metabolic processes during summer in responses to heat crocodiles west indian hummingbird complete physiological shutdown brief period of dormancy in which individuals reduce activity
hibernation aestivation aestivation torpor diapause torpor
what is not a reason why cold regions with high rainfall are rare
water doesnt evaporate at high temps, cold atmosphere holds lots of water vapor
albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected by an object. Forests have a ____ albedo and snow has a ____ albedo
low; high
which of the following does not drive ocean currents
continental water sources
As a river flows downstream, it generally
has more nutrients
Manure from a farming operation that enters into a stream would be considered
allochthonous
In areas with significant leaching, which soil horizon would be largest?
E
Compared to coastal regions, the interior of a continent usually has _____ precipitation and ______ variation in climate.
less; more
In which aquatic environment are organisms most likely to produce bioluminescence?
aphotic zones
an important characteristic of a stream is
high allochthonous input
The aphotic zone is a feature in
open ocean
The energy of incident solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth declines toward the poles from its maximum in equatorial regions. Why is this?
the tilt of earth increases the reflection of solar radiation
which of the following is the most likely reason a soil would not have an O horizon
soil is in a desert
Oceans and lakes cover ___ % in Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore ______ rain falls in the Northern Hemisphere
lower; less
based on the image below, identify the latent heat movement. A is representing of _____ and B is representing of ______
absorbed and released
which is a unique characteristic of estuaries
mixing of fresh and salt water
which of the following is used to distinguish aquatic biomes
salinity depth flow
many factors create ocean currents. some factors are
unequal heating; salinity; coriolis effect; wind directions