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Executive Branch

Responsible for implementing laws and government policies.

Legislative Branch

Creates laws and represents citizens' interests.

Judicial Branch

Interprets laws and administers justice.

Constitutional Monarchy

System where monarch's powers are limited by constitution.

Executive Portfolios

Specific areas of responsibility within the executive branch.

House of Commons

Lower house of Parliament, elected representatives.

Senate

Upper house of Parliament, appointed members.

Member of Parliament (MP)

Elected official representing a specific constituency.

Senator

Appointed member of the Senate, not elected.

Majority Government

Party holds more than half of seats.

Minority Government

Party holds less than half of seats.

Political Parties

Groups representing diverse political ideologies and interests.

Lawmaking Process

Steps from proposal to enactment of legislation.

Media's Role

Informs public and influences political discourse.

Lobby Groups

Organizations advocating for specific interests to government.

Popular Vote

Total votes cast by citizens in elections.

Constituents

Citizens represented by elected officials.

Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against something.

Lobbyists

Individuals hired to influence political decisions.

YCJA

Youth Criminal Justice Act, focuses on young offenders.

Jury

Group of citizens determining verdict in court cases.

Advocacy Groups

Organizations promoting specific causes or policies.

Elders' Role

Provide guidance and cultural knowledge in justice.

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Document guaranteeing individual rights in Canada.

Collective Rights

Rights held by groups rather than individuals.

Scarcity

Limited resources necessitating choices in economics.

Factors of Production

Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Economic Continuum

Spectrum from market to planned economies.

Market Economy

Private ownership predominates, minimal government intervention.

Mixed Economy

Combination of private and public sector ownership.

Supply and Demand

Relationship affecting market prices and availability.

Competition

Drives innovation and efficiency in economies.

Crown Corporations

Government-owned companies impacting market competition.

Labour Unions

Organizations advocating for workers' rights and benefits.

Quality of Life Indicators

Measures such as health, education, and income.

Consumer Behavior

Individual spending patterns influencing market demand.

Marketing Strategies

Techniques targeting consumers to influence purchasing decisions.

Consumerism

Economic and social order emphasizing consumption of goods.

Boycotts

Collective refusal to purchase goods for social change.

Social Programs

Government initiatives providing welfare and support services.

Taxation

Government revenue collection through various tax types.

Tax Evasion

Illegal non-payment or underpayment of taxes.

Underground Economy

Economic activities not reported to authorities.

Political Platforms

Statements outlining party policies and goals.

Global Warming

Long-term rise in Earth's average temperature.

Biodiversity

Variety of life in a particular habitat.

Numbered Treaties

Agreements between Indigenous peoples and the government.

Royal Proclamation

Established land rights for Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Treaty 6

Covers central Alberta, signed in 1876.

Treaty 7

Covers southern Alberta, signed in 1877.

Treaty 8

Covers northern Alberta, signed in 1899.

First Nations Rights

Rights granted include land, resources, and self-governance.

Reasons for Signing Treaties

Famine, disease, and desire for peace influenced decisions.

Indian Act

Legislation aimed at regulating First Nations governance.

Indian Agent

Government representative overseeing First Nations affairs.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

Assimilate

Process of integrating individuals into a dominant culture.

Residential Schools

Institutions aimed at assimilating Aboriginal children.

Negative Effects of Residential Schools

Loss of culture, trauma, and family separation.

Apology for Residential Schools

Issued in 2008 by Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

Anglophone

English-speaking individuals in Canada.

Francophone

French-speaking individuals in Canada.

Official Language Community

Group using an official language in Canada.

Publicly Funded

Financially supported by government resources.

Bill 101

Quebec law promoting French language use.

Point System

Immigration selection criteria based on skills and experience.

Provincial Nomination Program

Allows provinces to nominate immigrants for residency.

Singh Decision

Supreme Court ruling affecting refugee rights in Canada.

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act

Legislation governing immigration and refugee processes.