AP Human Geography Full Vocab Review

industrialization

industrialization

the development of industries for the machine production of goods
*transformation from agriculture to manufacturing

industrialization extra info

- textile factory
- cotton gin
- railroad

colonialism

people move into and settle on the land of another country
*a particular type of imperialism

colonialism extra info

Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany controlling lands in Africa and Asia

imperialism

a policy of extending a country's political and economic power
*a broader concept

imperialism extra info

it includes a variety of ways of influence:
- direct conquest
- economic control
- cultural dominance

primary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface
*mainly found in LDC's

primary sector extra info

it includes activities such as:
- agriculture
- mining
- fishing
- forestry

secondary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
*mainly found in LDC's

secondary sector extra info

it includes activities such as:
- manufacturing
- construction

tertiary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities; sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment
*mainly found in MDC's

tertiary sector extra info

it includes activities such as:
- marketing
- banking
- law
- education
- retail

quaternary sector

the knowledge-based sector
*mainly found in MDC's

quaternary sector extra info

it includes activities such as:
- research and development
- business consulting
- education administration

quinary sector

the highest levels of decision-making and includes the top officials in various levels of government and business
*mainly found in MDC's

quinary sector extra info

it includes activities such as:
- country's president
- corporate executives
- department of education

break-of-bulk points

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

break-of-bulk points extra info

- seaports
- airports
*a steel mill near the port of Baltimore receives iron ore from South America and coal by train from Appalachia

Alfred Weber's Least Cost Theory

an industry is located where it can minimize costs and maximize profits

Alfred Weber's Least Cost Theory extra info

3 factors when deciding where to open:
1. transport costs (getting raw materials to factory and finished goods to market)
2. labor costs
3. agglomeration economies

core countries

- regions of the world with high levels of industrialization, urbanization, technology, and standard of living
- low birth rate, low death rate, low natural increase rate

core countries extra info

- North America, Europe, South Pacific, parts of Asia
*MDC's are countries that occupy core regions (U.S., Canada, Italy, Japan)

semi-periphery countries

- exhibit core features and periphery features
- exploited by the core but exploit the periphery

semi-periphery countries extra info

- parts of South Asia, SW Asia, Africa, Latin America
*LDC's are countries that occupy semi-peripheral regions (India, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, Mexico, China, Brazil)

periphery countries

- regions of the world that are not as highly industrialized or urbanized - lower standard of living and literacy rate
- high birth rate and high death rate
- agricultural lifestyle

periphery countries extra info

- sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Latin America, part of North Africa and SW Asia
*LDC's are countries that occupy peripheral regions (Kenya, Rwanda, Ecuador, Morocco)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a give time period (normally one year)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) extra info

examples of high and low GDP's
- Norway: $398.8 billion
- Rwanda: $9.14 billion

Gross National Product (GNP)

the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a year
*products by companies, industries, and all firms owned

Gross National Product (GNP) extra info

examples of high and low GNP's
- Norway: $335.6 billion
- Rwanda: $24.31 billion

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

formal economy

the "legal" economy that governments tax and monitor

formal economy extra info

items taxed and monitored:
- businesses
- education
- healthcare

informal economy

the "illegal" or uncounted economy that governments do not tax and keep track of

informal economy extra info

items not kept track of:
- garden plot in a backyard
- black market
- illegal drug trade

income distribution

how income (money received) is divided among different groups or individuals
*Gini index or coefficient - measures income distribution. Value ranges 0-1. 0 means income is the same. A higher #, higher inequality

income distribution extra info

- North America and Europe: unequal income among the classes
- Africa: low incomes
- Asia: largest income gains

fertility rates

the average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)
*total fertility rate (TFR)

fertility rates extra info

- low in MDC's
- high in LDC's
*accurately reflects cultural norms - how people weigh the costs and benefits of having a child, role of women and education

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the total # of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

infant mortality rate (IMR) extra info

- low in MDC's
- high in LDC's
*reflects a country's health care system - well trained doctors, modern hospitals, access to medicine

fossil fuels

a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago

fossil fuels extra info

examples:
- oil
- coal
- natural gas

renewable energy

any source of energy that can be continually produced and is inexhaustible given current conditions

renewable energy extra info

examples:
- solar energy
- wind energy
- hydropower

literacy rates

the percentage off a country's people who can read and write

literacy rates extra info

- literacy rates above 99% are common in MDC's
- more than 730 million people are not literate. Most are female and most live in LDC's

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

a measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. Considers reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation of women

Gender Inequality Index (GII) extra info

the score is a measure of the percentage of potential human development lost due to gender inequality
*Guatemala - 0.533, 53.3% loss in human potential due to gender inequality

reproductive health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes

reproductive health extra info

in reference to GII, reproductive health is maternal mortality rates and adolescent fertility rates

gender empowerment

the authority of power of people of any gender

gender empowerment extra info

in reference to GII, gender empowerment is the share of government seats held by each sex and the proportion of adult females and males with at least some secondary education

labor market participation

an economy's active labor force and its the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age population - # of people who are either employed or actively looking for work

labor market participation extra info

in reference to GII, labor market participation is indicated by the labor force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older

Human Development Index (HDI)

an indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Human Development Index (HDI) extra info

- Norway ranks 1st in HDI
- U.S. ranks 6th
- Qatar ranks 32nd

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

a modernization model that assumes all countries want to modernize and all eventually would at different speeds

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth extra info

5 stages:
1. traditional society
2. pre-condition for take-off
3. take-off
4. drive to maturity
5. high mass consumption

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

a dependency model that all countries are dependent on each other

Wallterstein's World Systems Theory extra info

3 categories:
1. core
2. semi-periphery
3. periphery

dependency theory

countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other

dependency theory extra info

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory is the best example of dependency theory

commodity theory

the value of a product or service is related to its availability. A product that is in short supply is perceived as having greater value than one that is readily available

commodity theory extra info

oil from Saudi Arabia has great value in the U.S. since it is not readily available to the U.S. - we will pay $ for that commodity

complementary advantage

a measure of how well one country' export profile matches another country's import profile

complementary advantage extra info

Colombia produces coffee beans and is imported in great numbers by the United States

comparative advantage

the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently than any other activity

comparative advantage extra info

climate and soil in Florida gives them an advantage over other states in growing oranges

neoliberal policies

contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing state influence in the economy

neoliberal policies extra info

focus on "lowering trade barriers" which has fostered greater globalization through creating free trade agreements

free trade agreements

the flow of goods and services across boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions

free trade agreements extra info

examples:
- European Union
- World Trade Organization
- OPEC

European Union (EU)

international organization comprised of Western European states in order to promote development through economic cooperation

European Union (EU) extra info

- created a common currency, the euro
- goods, services, and workers may move freely among member countries

World Trade Organization (WTO)

an intergovernmental organization concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations

World Trade Organization (WTO) extra info

deals with the regulation of trade in goods, services, and intellectual property between participating countries - framework for trade agreements

MERCOSUR

an economic and political South American trade bloc

MERCOSUR extra info

full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

OPEC

organization of petroleum exporting countries - aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil on the world market

OPEC extra info

member countries are: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela

tariffs

a tax that a government charges people on import and export goods

tariffs extra info

- coffee tariff
- oil tariff

debt crisis

a situation in which payments on debt grow so large that countries cannot continue to pay off the debt

debt crisis extra info

*countries that have experienced a debt crisis
- Greece, 2009
- Spain, 2008
- Iceland, 2009

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment, and reduce poverty around the world

International Monetary Fund (IMF) extra info

primary purpose is global stability

outsourcing

contracting work out to noncompany employees or other companies

outsourcing extra info

outsource to take advantage of lower labor costs, lower tax rates, and cheaper land prices

Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC's)

a country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between developing and developed (semi-periphery) - moved away from agriculture and into industrialized, urban

Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC's) extra info

- examples in the 70's and 80's: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
- examples in the 2000's: South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) extra info

specific term used in China - near international airports, seaports, or land borders
*ease of export

Free Trade Zones

special zones in which all trade barriers between two countries are eliminated
*no tariffs

Free Trade Zones extra info

term used in the Dominican Republic - near international airports, seaports, or land borders
*ease of export

Export Processing Zones

where special regulations benefit foreign controlled businesses
*labor is cheaper and environmental restrictions are relatively weak

Export Processing Zones extra info

called maquiladoras and in Mexico - near international airports, seaports, or land borders
*ease of export

international division of labor

a system of employment in the various economic sectors spread throughout the world

international division of labor extra info

break-up of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sector jobs either in core, semi-periphery, or periphery areas

Post-Fordist methods

adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks