Anatomy Part 1

Anatomy

Anatomy

science of the structure and function of the body.

Clinical anatomy

study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences

Basic anatomy

study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body

anatomic position

person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides and the face and palms of the hands directed forward

Median Sagittal Plane

This is a vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

paramedian

Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed

medial

structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be

lateral

structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be

Coronal Planes

These planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane

anterior and posterior

used to indicate the front and back of the body

superficial and deep

denote the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body

superior and inferior

denote levels relatively high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body.

internal and external

used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity

ipsilateral

refers to the same side of the body

Contralateral

refers to opposite sides of the body

supine

position of the body is lying on the back

prone

position is lying face downward.

joint

site where two or more bones come together is known as a

Flexion

a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane. It is usually an anterior movement

Extension

means straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction

Lateral flexion

movement of the trunk in the coronal plane

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the mid- line of the body in the coronal plane

Adduction

movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane

Rotation

term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis

Medial rotation

movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially.

Lateral rotation

movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally.

Pronation of the forearm

a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

Supination of the forearm

lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated posi- tion so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly

Circumduction

combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduc- tion

Protraction

to move forward

retraction

to move backward

Inversion

movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction

Eversion

the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction

epidermis

the superficial part

dermis

the deep part

epidermis

stratified epithelium whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface.

dermis

composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

superficial fascia

The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the

superficial fascia

otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.

SKIN CREASES

The skin over joints always folds in the same place

SKIN CREASES

At these sites, the skin is thinner than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying struc- tures by strong bands of fibrous tissue.

nails

keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes

root of the nail

The proximal edge of the plate is the

nail folds

the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin known as

nail bed

The sur- face of skin covered by the nail is the

follicles

Hairs grow out of

hair bulbs

The follicles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded extremities, called

hair papilla

Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the concavity is occupied by vascular connective tissue called

arrector pili

A band of smooth muscle

connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis

gooseflesh

The pull of the muscle also causes dimpling of the skin surface, so-called

Sebaceous glands

pour their secretion, the sebum, onto the shafts of the hairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles.

Sebum

an oily material that helps preserve the flexibility of the emerging hair. It also oils the surface epidermis around the mouth of the follicle.

Sweat glands

long, spiral, tubular glands distributed over the surface of the body

Sweat glands

the most deeply pen- etrating structures of all the epidermal appendages.