EXAM: routes of admin and receptor theory

know drugs based on their

know drugs based on their

class

off label use of drugs

using drugs to treat something other than what is designed for

trade name

proprietary name (trademark) use by one company

generic name

name for chemical substance approved by the FDA

mechanism of action

what a drug does to the body

indication

what the drug is specifically used for

analgesic

pain relief

antipyretic

fever

pharmacodynamics

study of what drug does to body

-MOA

-concentration and effect

-therapeutic or toxic

pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

-drug actions

-concentration vs time

-absorbed, metabolized, excreted

systemic circulation

general blood supply

pharmacogenomic

genetics

-study of genetic variation that cause different response

-will this work well for pt

-will it cause problems

drug

any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical action

receptor

component of a cell/organism that interacts with a drug

-many are proteins

increased concentration of drug leads to ___ biding and ____ effects

increased, increased

ligand

molecule that binds to a receptor

hormone

"body drugs" natural substance that is produced in the body and influences the way it grows or develops

xenobiotic

foreign to living organisms

toxin

poisons of biologic origin -> harmful effects

-snake venom

-botox

toxicant

poisons from non-biologic origin

-lead, drugs

toxicology

study of harmful or poisonous effects of drugs

agonists

drugs that bind to and activate the receptor

-bring about the intended effect

affinity

how tightly a drug bind to a receptor

potency

amount of drug necessary to elicit a response

• higher potency = smaller dose

efficacy

drugs ability to produce the maximal desired response

T/F clinically, efficacy is more important than potency in determining drugs usefullness

T

equi-potency

the relative doses of two drugs to get the same efficacy

full agonists

fully activate receptors

partial agonist

binds to the receptor and partially activates it

-responsed not equal to response of full agonists

antagonists

blocks or reduce the action of agonist

-harder to bind/neutralize

-no activation of receptor

competitive antagonsit

binds to receptor and prevents additional binding

allosteric antagonsims

prevents agonist action

chemical antagonism

binds directly to agonist

functional antagonism

indirectly inhibits physiologic actions of the agonist

reversible antagonsit

dissociate from their target; once cleared from body effect gone and enzyme can work again

irreversible antagonist

permeant, irreversible chemical bond with receptor

non competitive antagonist

binds to the receptor with such a strong affinity that the receptor is not longer available to bind with agonist regardless of its concentration

partial agonist: buprenorphine

partially activates receptors to safely withdraw from drugs

antagonist: naloxone (narcan)

blocks all receptors, works quickly, only work for 30 minutes

-too much lead to active withdraw

high specificity

act through one type of receptor; limited toxicity

low specificity

has multiple receptor activities; not specific; more adverse effects

tricyclic antidepressants

loaded gun

racemic mixture

both enantiomer present in same concentration

use of only one enantiomer may cause

higher therapeutic effect

down regulation

reduction of cells present at surface

bioavailibity

among of drug that is absorbed through a given route

-IV 100%

-oral 0-100%

first pass effect

"liver tax" liver metabolizes portion of the dose prior to it entering the system

prodrug

when taken is inactive but because activated after being metabolized by liver

-must take orally

THC is

lipophilic

parenteral forms

injection

-IV or SQ

routes of administration

1. IV (most rapid)

2. oral

3. rectal

4. sublingual (avoid 1st pass)

5. intrathecal (CSF)

6. transdermal (slow)

7. inhalation (fast)

8. topical

9. subcutaneous

10. intramuscular

central IV

higher concentration; faster

peripheral IV

risk vein blowing

Intraosseous

needle into the bone marrow; useful in emergency situations

-alternative to IV

T/F with intrathecal and epidural placement is key

T

T/F intramuscular is less invasive than an IV

T

disadvantage of oral medication

more prone to food and liquid interactions

T/F with inhalation technique is key

T

forms of inhalation

metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulization (machine)

forms of transdermal

patches, creams, shampoos

T/F used patches still contain a large amount of drug

T

can all drugs be used transdermally

no, some drugs are impenetrable to the skin