Studied by 12 people
What does psychology mean?
the study of the mind and behavior
What is included in the mind and behavior?
The way people think, feel, sense, perceive, plan and judge
Who do researchers study?
all living organisms
What is an ongoing question in psychology?
Nature vs. Nurture
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
It combines nature and nurture, it combines biology, psychology, and socio-cultural influences
Who was hippocrates?
He is considered the father of medicine. Believed (meantal/pyhisical)sickness is caused by an imbalace of the four humors of the body. His study of the human body and physiology helped him forge the field of Pyschology
Who was socrates?
Questioned a lot, believed he'll understand more. Did the Socratic method
Who was plato?
Plato was a student of socrates and recorded what we know about socrates in the work "dialogue".
Who was aristotle?
Aristotle was a student of plato's for over two decades.
What did Aristotles and Platos discussions and disagreements create?
Their discussions and disagreements lay a strong foundation for some essential questions in Psychology.
What does rationalism mean?
Believing that our ideas are with us by the moment of birth
What does empirism mean?
believing that ideas are developed through experience
What does dualism mean?
it means that the mind and bodyfunction as two separate entities, and that the mind will continue to live on even after our body died
What does monism mean?
believing that the mind and body are one entity
What were plato's beliefs?
dualism, rationalism
What were aristotle's beliefs?
monism, empiricsm
What is a dialectic?
This is a style of thinking, relies on thorough and rational discussions to resolve differences in opinions
What is a thesis?
someone's statement of opinion
What is an antithesis?
An alternative belief or opinion of different perspective
What is the synthesis?
the selective combining of the opinions to resolve the differeing opinions
Who was wilhelm wundt?
Constitutes the beginning of the first psychological laboratory and more importantly, the first major catalyst for pyschology
What is introspection?
self-examination, looking inward for thoughts and ideas
Who was G. Stanley Hall?
One of Wundt's students, brought Wundts ideas and techniques to US Established the first psychological lab at John Hopkins
When wundt and his colleagues were focused on the components of the mind, what did they end up creating?
Structuralism-the first major school of thought in pyschology
What is structuralism
Uses techniques of introspection to determine the structure of the mind.
Who was edward titchener?
He was another student of Wundt's. Brought the structuralists ideas and techniques to Cornell University Used introspection with such tasks as engaging in deep self thought while engaging in sentry activities
What was used to study these sentry activites?
introspection
What is the second early school of thought?
functionalism
What is functionalism?
The why of human thoughts and behaviors
Who was Functionalism led by?
William James
What did functionalists believe?
they believed humans to be actively engaged in their sensation and thoughts, not just passively aware of them
Which other great thinker was William James inspired by?
Charles Darwin-the Origin of species James concluded that humans adapted over time, along with our conscious to be necessary for human survival
What book is William James best known for?
'Principles of Psychology'-published in 1890, considered the first textbook in Psychology and still considered relevant today
What woman did Williams James take a change on? What year?
Mary Whiton Calkins in 1890
What was the result of Jame admitting a woman?
The president of Harvard wouldn't consider her a registered student, but allowed her to attend classes A lot of male students dropped out
Which other all womens college did Harvard offer Calkins to get a degree from, but Calkins refused?
Radcliffe college-a nearby all-womens college
Who ended up becoming the first woman to receive PhD in Psychology?
Margaret Floy Washburn
Who did Calkins end up becoming?
The first female president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
What is the final early school of thought?
Associationism
What is Associationism?
Pushed Functionalism ideas further, examines how ideas can become linked in our head to result in learning
Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus and what did he do?
one of the earliest Associationists used himself as a test subject, spent a lot of his career testing and recording his memory found constant repitition was the key to great memory published book on the field of memory and forgetting
Who is Edward Lee Thorndike and what is he best known for?
School of Associationism Law of Effect - rewarded behaviors will occur more frequently and punished behaviors will occure less frequently
What are the seven modern perspectives?
Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Cognitivism, Behaviorism, Biological, Sociocultural, Sociobiological/Evolutionary.
What are the big 5 of the modern perspectives?
Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, cognitivism, behaviorism, biological
What is the eclectic approach?
believing in more than one modern perspective
Where is behaviorism thought to be a continuation of?
Associationism
What do behaviorists put a strong emphasis on?
Concrete, observable aspects of humans
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Behaviorist Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, classical conditioning
Who is John B Watson
Little Albert - conditioned a child to fear a rat
Who is BF skinner?
founder of operant conditioning - a system of conditioning that uses punishers and reinforcers to change behavior
Who was Sigmund Freud?
founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
What did Sigmund Freud focus on?
unconscious conficts - between what he called id, ego, and superego put a emphasis on childhood experiences and our dreams
What is Determinism and who believed in it?
That all thought, actions, emotions are predetermined by your unconcious and not our choice Sigmund Freud
What did Humanists focus on?
Self-esteem and overall human potential
Who are notable Humanists?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
What is Abraham Maslow known for?
His idea of self-actualization at the top of our hierarchy of human needs
Who was Carl Rogers?
founders of the humanistic approach
What does the Cognitive perspective focus on?
Individual Thoughts, your thoughts and mental processes how you think, process, and store informaton
Who was Allen Newell and Herbert SImon
Created detailed models for how people think and process Cognitivism
Who was Ulric Neisser?
Considered to be the father of Cognitive Psychology, wrote the first book i the persepctive called Cognitive Psychology
What do the biological or physiological approach focus on?
brain chemistry, structure, function, and anomalies
Who is Roger Sperry?
Biological or Physiological focused on something called Hemispheric Specialization, or specific brain tasks that occur in each side of the brain.
What is a subfield in the biological perspective?
Molecular Genetics, Behavioral genetics
What does the Sociocultural perspective focus on?
the social environment surrounding an individual CUlture, social norms, and how these influence a persons pyche and behaviors
What is the evolutionary perspective?
Theorists look at how humans adapt and change with society and how that influences thier pysche
What person do Evolutionary psychologists look at and fuels the support of the survival of a species?
Charles Darwin
if a patient was suffering from depression, each perspective would examine different areas of the patient's life - what would they be?
The Behaviorist Psychologist would look at possible rewards and punishers in the person's life that might cause the feelings. The Psychoanalytic Psychologist would look at the past experiences and childhood trauma. The Humanist Psychologist would work on developing greater self-esteem to reduce the symptoms. The Cognitivist Psychologist might look for irrational thoughts the patient is having that precede the emotional symptom. And the Biological Psychologist would look at the brain chemistry and possible medical causes.
What is Pyschometrics?
the study and measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
What are some other examples of scientific research?
Biological psychologists – studying the function of the brain, neurotransmitters, and the body; Developmental psychologists – focusing on human development from birth to death; Cognitive psychologists – how we think and perceive, how we problem solve and plan; Educational psychologists – how to improve teaching and learning; Personality psychologists – how to better understand personality traits and personality testing; and Social psychologists – how we interact in groups.
What is Applied Research?
which is using the scientific practices to solve practical life problems
What are some examples of Applied Research?
Human Factors psychologists – a type of Industrial/organizational Psych that looks at how humans and machines interact and how the workplace environment can be improved; Counseling psychologists – helping people work through general life problems such as relationships, work, school, etc.; and Clinical psychologists – accessing and treating people with psych disorders; Psychiatrists – medical doctors trained to work with patients with psych disorders and who provide medical interventions and treatments; Sports psychologists – helping athletes to improve performance and overcome mental setbacks; and Forensic psychologists – working primarily in the courts and legal system, just to name a few.
What are some of the traditional areas/ careers of psychology?
f Counseling psychology, Clinical psychology, and Psychiatry
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