American Pageant Chapters 1-5 UNIT TEST

Land bridge

Land bridge

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling the migration of plants and animals to new areas

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

Cherokee

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

Shawnee

settled in villages along the Ohio River valley

Iroquoian Language

coastal plain spoken in southwestern and southern VA by the Cherokee and Tuscarora tribes

Algonquian

coast and sounds related to powhattan

Siouan Language Group

piedmont/ohio river valley/ hunting/war with iroquois

Paleo-Indian Period

-Widespread human settlement in most of what now is the US- 13,500 BP
-Small mobile bands (big game hunting important)

Archaic Period (Native American)

small-game, moved seasonally, atlatl

woodland period

characterized by use of bow and arrow, tribal living, and developed religious ceremonies with pottery

historic period

period since the beginning of written records to the present day

tidewater

a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast

coastal plain

An area of flat low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast.

piedmont

a region of rolling foothills

mountains

iroquoi

Incas

Native American tribe in Peruvian Andes.

Aztecs

Native American tribe in present-day Mexico City, known for its human sacrifices.

Nation-states

Civilizations with functioning governments and civil bureaucracies.

Three-Sister Farming

Practice of growing beans, corn, and squash together for maximum yield.

West African Trade

Gold and salt were the main trade items, other items were cloth, copper, silver and slaves to Africa and Europe

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

marco polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Middlemen

Muslim traders who raised prices on Asian goods.

Caravel

Innovative Portugese ship with triangular sails, allowing it to sail into the wind.

planation

Large scale agricultural enterprise using slavery to grow commercial crops.

Columbian exchange

Transfer of diseases, crops, and livestock between the Old and New Worlds.

portugal

went to africa nad so everyone needed to catch up

Potosi

colonial spanish silver

Prince Henry of Portugal

An early 15th century explorer, Henry "the Navigator" sought to increase the power of Portugal by seeking trade routes to the East by way of Africa

DIas and DaGama

Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.

Treaty of Tordesillas 1492

Agreement which gave Brazil and African territory to Portugal, but the rest of South America to Spain.

Conquistadores

Spanish military commanders/explorers.

Columbus 1492

entered the amrricas

Capitalism

Economic system characterized by private property and free trade.

Encomienda

Spanish system of legal slavery.

Noche Triste

Night during which the Aztecs attacked and drove Cortes and the Spanish away from Tenochtitlan.

Mestizos

Those who had Spanish and Native American descent.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Battle of Acoma

Clash between Spanish and Native Americans in which the Spanish severed the foot of every survivor.

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo rebels destroy Churches and kill hundreds of Spaniards.

Black Legend

Myth that Spaniards brought nothing but slavery and genocide to the New World.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Leaders of Spain during the exploration of the New World.

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer who first reported the existence of the New World to the European powers.

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer of present day Kansas.

Presidios

Spanish military bases built to protect the missions

Equiano account

personal story aboard middle passage

Spanish missions

Located on Georgia's barrier islands established to convert Native Americans to Christianity Located near Native American village centers (where the most people were) required Native Americans to provide labor to the Spanish

ponce de leon

Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth

Cabeza da vaca

Spanish explorer who explored Texas

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Incas.

Tuscarora War

1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who tried to protect Native Americans.

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.

Malinche (Dona Marina)

Aztec woman who translated for Cortes and eventually married him.

Moctezuma

Leader of the Aztecs during the war against Cortes.

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

European discoverer of Canada.

Robert de La Salle

French explorer of the Mississippi River.

Father Junipero Serra

Leader of the effort to christianize Native Americans in California.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther's movement to reform the Catholic Church, thus eliminating indulgences and encouraging the translation of the Bible from Latin.

Roanoke Island

(1585) England's first attempt to colonize North America in South Carolina, headed by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Spanish Armada

(1588) The British defeat the Spanish fleet in the English Channel; the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire.

De Soto

A Spanish conquistador who traveled through what is now Georgia looking for gold and riches. he was the first European to reach the Mississippi River in 1540.

Joint-Stock Company

Coalition between multiple investors to fund a commercial endeavor. Used to fund English colonial ventures.

Charter

Legal document including rights to carry out a stated objective, such as founding a colony.

Jamestown

(1607) The first successful and permanent English colony in North America, funded by the Virginia Company.

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1614) Series of battles in Virginia between English settlers and the Powhatan Confederacy.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

(1644) Last effort by the Indians to topple the Virginia settlements.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Act of Toleration

(1649) Guaranteed religious toleration for Christians, but declared the death penalty for those who rejected the divinity of Jesus Christ.

1641-52

eleven years war

Charles II

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum

Caveliers

name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I and son Charles II during the English Civil War

1660-77

Berkeley's rule

Barbados Slave Code

(1661) Allowed for harsh punishments to slaves, but lacked penalties for masters mistreating slaves.

sugar

major import

charlestown

City in South Carolina that was the King's favored city. It had an aristocratic feel and became an example of what the Crown hoped the colonies would become. It became, from the British perspective, the commercial and cosmopolitan capital of the colonies. RICE

Squatters

Farmers without legal rights to their land.

Tuscarora War

(1711) North Carolinians defeat the Indians and force them northward.

Yamasee Indians

(1715) South Carolinians defeat the Yamasee, the last powerful coastal Indian tribe in the South.

Buffer

A territory dividing two hostile powers to lessen the possibility of conflict (e.g. Georgia for Britain and Spain).

Iroquois Confederacy

Coalition between Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas in the Mohawk Valley.

King Henry VIII

Cut ties with the Catholic Church (Act of Supremacy) and thus began the Protestant Reformation.

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen under whom Protestantism became the dominant religion in England.

Eliza Lucas Pinckney

introduced indigo to the South Carolina colony after she learned how to grow it on her family's plantation

Sir Francis Drake

A "sea dog" who seized Spanish ships and raided Spanish settlements to promote Protestantism and plunder.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Leader of the mysterious Roanoke Island venture.

King James I

Approved the charter for the Virginia Company of London.

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Captain John Smith

("He who shall not work shall not eat") Took over leadership of Jamestown and saved the colony.

Powhatan

Indian chieftain who subjected Capt. Smith to a mock execution to demonstrate his power.

Pocahontas

Powhatan's daughter who became the intermediary between the settlers and Indians.

Lord De La Warr

Ordered the fleeing settlers to return to Jamestown and subsequently imposed a brutal military regime on the colony.

John Rolfe

Father of the tobacco industry who saved Virginia's economy and married Pocahontas in the first ever interracial union.

Lord Baltimore 1634

Founded Maryland and initially allowed for freedom of worship.

1619

House of Burgesses meets. First African slaves brought to Jamestown. women

Oliver Cromwell

Ruled England in a protectorate after Charles I was beheaded.

James Oglethorpe

One of Georgia's founders who was interested in prison reform and repelled Spanish attacks.

Hiawatha

Legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Calvinism

Dominant religion of New England Puritans that stressed predestination.