"Semester One Honors U.S. History Final- 2025

A positive term for the owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Captains of Industry

Millionaires during the Gilded Age, who kept wages of their employees low. Taking from the poor to enrich themselves. For example, paying workers in scrip while the owners became some of the richest people in the history of the world. Reaping huge profits by paying employees very little and driving the competition out of business. Carnegie and Rockefeller.

Robber Barrons (Gilded Age)

Scottish immigrant who became a captain of industry who made his wealth in the steel business and wrote Gospel of Wealth-"The man who dies rich dies disgraced"

Andrew Carnegie

He created Standard Oil Company, wealthiest man in the history of the world- adjusted for inflation. Eventually owned the CF&I steel mill in Pueblo-the steel capital of the west.

John D. Rockefeller

manufacturer of railroad sleeper cars and created company town outside Chicago, lowered wages of workers but not their rent, workers went on strike, and he blacklisted workers who went on strike.

George Pullman

buying up the steps of production and creating a monopoly

Vertical Integration

buying out the competition; creating a monopoly

Horizontal Integration

"The miners' angel" most famous organizer of in the women's labor movement who helped organize the United Mine Workers of America and helped pass child labor laws

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

muckraker who took pictures of child laborers to expose how bad child labor was

Lewis Hine

times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions

Strikes

owners/management creating and circulating a list of workers not to be hired at any company. This list is names people who were considered trouble makers because they fought for better working conditions, better pay and safer work environments and should not be hired. Fear of being placed on a blacklist kept working conditions poor and the company owners in power.

Blacklisting

a replacement worker, often an immigrant who came from another country, or a former slave who migrated out of the South. These replacement workers, work for less, with or without knowledge beforehand that there is an ongoing strike

scab

like a token or monopoly money used instead of money in a company town, this company money, prevents workers from saving up real US currency to be able buy a home, or move to another place. This limited opportunity for accessing the American Dream. This was illegal in Colorado, when Rockefeller used this in Pueblo.

scrip

During the labor strikes of the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, businessmen hired the ______ ________ to infiltrate unions, supply guards, keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories, and recruit goon squads to intimidate workers in places like Homestead, Pennsylvania, just outside Pittsburgh. Union-busting mercenaries.

Pinkerton Detectives

Employed by the mine owners to suppress the mine uprisings in Colorado. Their violent repression of labor union members as part of the Coal Wars in such places as the 1913-1914 Colorado Coalfield War (including the Ludlow Massacre in 1914).

Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency

An agreement some companies forced workers to sign that forbade workers from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions and the voices of the workers

yellow dog contract

An unsuccessful labor strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. When the walkout began in 1913, Rockefeller evicted 11,000 strikers and their families from company housing. They moved into tent colonies, which armed militia units soon surrounded. In 1914, the militia attacked the largest tent city, at Ludlow, and burned it to the ground, killing an estimated twenty to thirty men, women, and children. This was one of a series of mass strikes among immigrant workers during the Progressive Era that placed labor's demand for the right to bargain collectively for safe working conditions and a living wage at the center of the reform agenda.

Ludlow Massacre

Carnegie's involvement in the union-breaking action forever tarnished his reputation as a generous employer and a champion of labor.Despite Carnegie's public pro-labor stance, Carnegie supported Frick's plans to cut wages and break the union behind the scenes. In the spring of 1892, Carnegie had Frick produce as much armor plate as possible before the union's contract expired at the end of June. If the union failed to accept Frick's terms, Carnegie instructed him to shut down the plant and wait until the workers buckled. "We... approve of anything you do," Carnegie wrote from Scotland, in words he would later come to regret. "We are with you to the end."Although only 750 of the 3,800 workers at Homestead belonged to the union, 3,000 of them met and voted overwhelmingly to strike. Frick responded by building a fence three miles long and 12 feet high around the steelworks plant, adding peepholes for rifles and topping it with barbed wire. Workers named the fence "Fort Frick."Tugboats pulled barges carrying hundreds of Pinkerton detectives armed with Winchester rifles up the Monongahela River. Workers stationed along the river spotted the private army. A Pittsburgh journalist wrote that at about 3am a "horseman riding at breakneck speed dashed into the streets of Homestead giving the alarm as he sped along."

Homestead Strike

Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when Pullman attached mail cars to the trains to force President Grover Cleveland to call in federal troops to keep the mail uninterrupted.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Expanding control by one country over the political, economic, or cultural life of another country, region or territory- with or without their consent.

imperialism

initially mocked as "Seward's Folly," acquired in 1867 from Russia. But really, a wise purchase that afforded the US an abundance of oil, gold and timber. It became a state in 1959.

Alaska; 1867/1959

the name Congressmen and others gave to the purchase of Alaska, as many people thought it was a useless icy area.

Johnson's Polar Bear Garden

sugar, a strategic naval base in the Pacific and an excellent gateway to the East and Asian trade were motivators for the US annexation of _____. "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands

Hawaii

Queen of Hawaii who was forced to give up her throne because of American businesses who didn't want to pay taxes and military interests who wanted a deep water port. Hawaii for Hawaiians is what she said, but US Marines were sent in to overthrow her.

Liliuokalani

A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii and a plantation owner, _____ advocated the annexation of Hawaii to avoid high tariffs on sugar and pineapple. After he led the overthrow of Hawaii, he served as the first President of the republic he created and then the territorial governor of the US territory of Hawaii once he successfully annexed Hawaii, and now he did not have to pay tariffs on his products.

Sanford B. Dole

was an armed conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the U.S. emerging predominant in the Caribbean region, and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. It led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine-American War.

Spanish-American War (1898)

In 1896 when rebellion was in full swing in Cuba, ____ ___ was named governor with full powers to suppress the insurgency and return the island to political order and the sugar industry to greater profitibility. By the end of 1897, ____ ____ had relocated more than 300,000 into such "reconcentration camps," not to be confused with the use of a similar phrase by twentieth century regimes. Although he was successful moving vast numbers of people, he failed to provide for them adequately. Consequently, these areas became cesspools of hunger, disease, and starvation where thousands died.

General Valeriano Weyler "The Butcher"

exaggeration and sensationalism of the news to make it more exciting and sell more newspapers

yellow journalism

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

De Lome Letter

American warship in Cuba that exploded in the Havana harbor. Spain, though it is still uncertain today, was suspected.

USS Maine

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain, but largely under the control of the US.

Treaty of Paris

US will not annex Cuba

Teller Amendment (1898)

US will not annex Cuba but, will choose its leaders, its allies, create a US naval base at Guantanamo Bay. The first US Governor of Cuba was future US President William Howard Taft.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Filipino rebel who fought alongside the US to liberate the Philippines from Spain and then against the US when the US decided to keep the Philippines for itself as part of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

US Secretary of State who sent the Open Door notes

John Hay

message sent by John Hay calling for China's ports to remain open and for China to remain independent in order to protect US trading rights

Open Door notes

what China became know as, as a result of being weakened by the Opium wars and foreign intervention. Strong European nations began to carve out areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges

"Sick Man of Asia"

Chinese rebellion against Western imperialism/ exploitation; Chinese Nationalist Uprising-foreigners get out!

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain, but largely under the control of the US.

Treaty of Paris 1898

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Emiliano Zapata

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he became a folk here when he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. Angered at the U.S. ______________ ____________ conducted a raid on the border town of Columbus, New Mexico to goad the U.S. to invade Mexico in 1916-17. Despite a major contingent of soldiers and the latest military technology, the U.S. failed to capture him.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

US President, known for conservationism of public lands for national parks and forests, trust-busting, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick," and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The US and not Europe would intervene in any American country as a local policing nation. that the United States might "exercise international police power in 'flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence.'" Over the long term the corollary had little to do with relations between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, but it did serve as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.US imperialism in the Americas.

Roosevelt Corollary

began on 28 July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918. Referred to by contemporaries as the "Great War", its belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting also expanding into the Middle East, Africa, and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, an estimated 9 million people were killed in combat, while over 5 million civilians died from military occupation, bombardment, hunger, and disease. Millions of additional deaths resulted from genocides within the Ottoman Empire and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

World War I

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

WWI Causes

This President's vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflict from occurring again.

Woodrow Wilson's 14 points

This alliance was between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years before WWI. IN BLUE on Map

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. In RED on map

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

This intercepted note from the German foreign minister to the Mexican government offered, territories in Texas, Arizona and New Mexico for Mexico. The note also confirmed the new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany against the Allied Powers. This helped turn Americans against Germany in WWI.

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

This British passenger ship was sunk by German U-boats in 1915, carrying civilians and ammunition to Britain from the U.S. The event turned American opinion against Germany, though the U.S. wouldn't join the war for another two years.

Lusitania (1915)

This was the policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters. Ultimately this policy drove the U.S. into WWI.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI.Fearing that anti-war speeches and street pamphlets would undermine the war effort, President Woodrow Wilson and Congress passed two laws, the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, that criminalized any "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government or military, or any speech intended to "incite insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty." (These were different and separate from the Alien and Sedition Acts passed in 1798 that were mostly repealed or expired by 1802.)The two broadly worded laws of 1917 and 1918 ultimately came to be viewed as some of the most egregious violations of the Constitution's First Amendment free speech protections. They were written in an environment of wartime panic, and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of more than 2,000 Americans, some of whom were sentenced to 20 years in prison for sedition.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

A 1919 decision upholding the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. The US Supreme Court, upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts as constitutional limits on free speech in a time of war. One famous decision penned by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes introduced the "clear and present danger" test, which he justified limits on free speech by comparing unlimited free speech to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater.

Schenck v. United States

Congress passed the ___________, which Wilson signed into law on May 18, 1917. The act required all men in the U.S. between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service. Within a few months, some 10 million men across the country had registered in response to the military draft. Today, all men who turn 18 must register.

Selective Service Act of 1917

someone who opposed war on the basis of religious or moral beliefs. In the United States a ____ ______ may perform either civilian work or noncombatant service in lieu of combatant military service. Thou shalt not kill.

Historically, ____ _____s have been persecuted in the United States. After the Selective Service System was founded during World War I, such persecutions decreased in frequency, and recognition for ___ grew.

conscientious objector

Created during WWI to save electricity by moving clocks ahead one hour for the summer.

Daylight Savings Time

Beef, pork, wheat, dairy products, and sugars were rationed and sent to the soldiers abroad. Rationing: Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military. This effort was effectively led by Herbert Hoover, who would later become President of the US

wheatless, sweetless, meatless

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables during WWI to support the war effort

Victory Gardens

Derogatory term for bankers and munitions makers who made scandalous profits from World War I. War profiteers.

Merchants of Death

The most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, but was later considered a cause of WWII. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage”

Versailles Treaty

political movement in reaction to the Gilded Age that aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life and give more power to the people, not just the rich people.

Progressive Era

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

journalists who uncovered horrific working conditions and wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life during the early twentieth century.

Muckrakers

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Upton Sinclair

a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meat packing industry of that time. 'I Aimed For The Public's Heart, And. . .hit It In The Stomach'-Upton Sinclair

'The Jungle' Was A Socialist's cry for labor justice. It Launched A Consumer Movement Instead.

The Jungle

Commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Roosevelt was suspicious of Upton Sinclair's socialist attitude and conclusions in The Jungle, so he sent labor commissioner Charles P. Neill and social worker James Bronson Reynolds, men whose honesty and reliability he trusted, to Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities.

Neill and Reynolds were revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers (though neither had much experience in the field). Following their report, Roosevelt became a supporter of regulation of the meat packing industry, and, on June 30, signed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Neill-Reynolds Report

a law enacted in 1906, to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling. Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs.

Pure Food and Drug Act

a law enacted in 1906 that dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was released by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990's.

Meat Inspection Act

Progressive ideas to shorten the workday and increase efficiency by studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques

Scientific Management

an idea for a new law originated by the people rather than by law makers.

Initiative

a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people

Referendum

a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people

Recall

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Prohibition

Twenty-seventh president of the United States; A trustbuster who busted more trusts that Teddy Roosevelt, he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term in the election of 1912.

Willliam Howard Taft

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Woodrow Wilson

Amendment that authorized the collection of a progressive income tax. "Progressive" means as you make a higher income, you pay a higher percentage. This tax does not apply to money made on investments or in the stock market. Today, this is the primary source of revenue for the federal government. Helped replace revenue lost after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 (passed under Wilson) significantly lowered tariffs.

16th Amendment (1913)

an Amendment to the US Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of US Senators by the people rather than by state.

17th amendment

Amendment that established prohibition: established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal

18th amendment

Amendment that granted women the right to vote, adopted in 1920.

19th amendment

An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. A writer, she became part-owner of a newspaper, the Memphis Free Speech. In May 1892, in response to an article on a local lynching, a mob ransacked her offices and threatened her life if she did not leave town. Moving to Chicago, Wells continued to write about Southern lynchings. While investigating, she would go directly to the site of a killing, sometimes despite extreme danger. In 1895, she published The Red Record, the first documented statistical report on lynching. Wells was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She stands as one of America's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.

Ida B. Wells

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Carrie Chapman Catt

An American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist, and one of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote. ____ ______initiated, and along with Lucy Burns and others, strategized events such as the Woman Suffrage Procession and the Silent Sentinels, which were part of the successful campaign that resulted in the amendment's passage in 1920.
Paul often suffered police brutality and other physical abuse for her activism, always responding with nonviolence and courage. She was unconstitutionally jailed under terrible conditions in 1917 for her participation in a Silent Sentinels protest in front of the White House, as she had been several times during earlier efforts to secure the vote for women in England.

Alice Paul

an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and in the United Kingdom, joined the militant suffragettes. Burns was a close friend of Alice Paul, and together they ultimately formed the National Woman's Party, which got the 19th Amendment passed.

Lucy Burns

Term popularized by F. Scott Fitzgerald used to describe the music and culture of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as a dominant symbol of that era. Music and dance introduced from New Orleans to the north became popular with young people in the 1920s.Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring 20s."

Jazz Age

After being introduced during World War I, the ____ became a common feature in American homes of the 1920s. Hundreds of ____ stations popped up over the course of the decade. These stations developed and broadcasted news, serial stories, and political speeches and sports events.
The power of ____ further accelerated the process of creating a shared national culture that had started when railroads and telegraphs widened the distribution of newspapers.

radio

In 1927, the world of the silent movie began to wane with the New York release of the first "talkie"—The movie The Jazz Singer. The plot of this film, which starred Al Jolson, told a distinctively American story of the 1920s. It follows the life of a Jewish man from his boyhood days of being groomed to be the cantor at the local synagogue to his life as a famous and "Americanized" jazz singer. Both the story and the new sound technology used to present it were popular with audiences around the country. It quickly became a huge hit.
Southern California in the 1920s, however, had only recently become the center of the American film industry. Film production was originally based in and around New York, where Thomas Edison first debuted the kinetoscope in 1893. But in the 1910s, as major filmmakers like D. W. Griffith looked to escape the cost of Edison's patents on camera equipment, this began to change. When Griffith filmed In Old California—the first movie ever shot in Hollywood, California—in 1910, the small town north of Los Angeles was little more than a village. As moviemakers flocked to southern California, not least because of its favorable climate and predictable sunshine, Hollywood swelled with moviemaking activity.
By the 1920s, the once-sleepy village was home to a profitable and innovative US industry.

talkies

He was best known for his novels such as the Great Gatsby, depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularized

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. It was centered in Harlem NY.

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

A gifted African-American poet, novelist, and playwright, who became one of the foremost interpreters of racial relationships in the United States and the name most often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Influenced by the Bible, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Walt Whitman, many of his poems described the difficult lives of working class African Americans. Some of his poems moved to the tempo of jazz and the blues.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

American composer, pianist, and leader of a jazz orchestra.
Born in Washington, D.C., ___ ___was based in New York City from the mid-1920s and gained a national profile through his orchestra's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem as new dance crazes such as the Charleston emerged. Some of the jazz musicians who were members of ___ ______'s orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered among the best players in the idiom. ____ ____melded them into the best-regarded orchestral unit in the history of jazz. ____ _____ wrote or collaborated on more than one thousand compositions; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy.

Duke Ellington

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment
(18th Amendment)

Prohibition (18th amendment)

A mob king "Scarface" in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Al Capone

_____ _____ in the 1920s was characterized by bootlegging and rum-running. Gangsters became experts in bootlegging, or producing and selling alcohol illegally. Rum-running is like bootlegging, but refers to the illegal transport of alcohol via waterways. In the "roaring twenties," Al Capone, the infamous example of ____ ______, ruled an empire of crime in Chicago-the Windy City: gambling, prostitution, bootlegging, bribery, narcotics trafficking, robbery, "protection" rackets, and murder. The FBI began investigating _____ _____ in the 1920s and 30s.

organized crime

Illegal bar that served liquor during Prohibition. They could be found everywhere. Once inside, people had to speak quietly or "easily" to avoid detection. Inside, one would find a mix of middle class and upper middle class men and women.

speakeasy

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s who refused to wear corsets to attempt the wasp waist look of the Victorian Era. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom. One cause of the change in young women's behavior was World War I which ended in November 1918. The death of large numbers of young men in the war, and the Spanish flu pandemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20-40 million people, inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment. Therefore, young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than just staying at home and waiting for a man to marry them.

flapper

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Charles Lindbergh

an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "the Bambino" and "the Sultan of Swat", he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. _____ _____ is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time.

Babe Ruth

A set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women-required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did. During the 1920's, women were pulled between the new standards and the old.

double standard

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

An active part of the Progressive Movement, she coined the term "birth control" and challenged the Comstock Act of 1873 which prohibited the sale of contraceptives.

Margaret Sanger