organ systems

🍂 cristina yang sapian mo ako (my motivation fr)

muscle cells, fibers

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

these contract and become shorter & thicker;

are called ____ since they are long & narrow

muscular system

ORGAN SYSTEMS:

Function:

• moves parts of the skeleton, locomotion; pumps blood; aids movement of internal materials

endoskeleton

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

this supports , protects, & allows for movement at the joints

tendons, strain

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone, allowing us to move

• _____: muscle is stretched too much and part of it tears.

ligaments, sprain

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

connective tissues that join bones to other bones;

• ______: a common injury that happens when you overstretch or tear a ligament.

skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary)

3 TYPES OF MUSCLES:

this attaches to bones & coordinates movement

• answer format: type (striation pattern, voluntary or involuntary)

sarcomere

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

basic unit of a skeletal muscle, where thin actin filaments are intermixed with thick myosin filaments;

responsible for muscle contraction

cardiac muscle (striated, involuntarily)

3 TYPES OF MUSCLES:

found only in the heart;

structured like skeletal muscle & contracts _______

• answer format: type (striation pattern, voluntary or involuntary)

smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntarily)

3 TYPES OF MUSCLES:

filaments in this are organized in a pattern that allows for less overall tension than in skeletal muscle but for contraction over greater lengths; 

found in vessels (ex. digestive tract, arteries, uterus) that carry fluids over long distances

• answer format: type (striation pattern, voluntary or involuntary)

skeletal system

ORGAN SYSTEMS:

Function:

• supports and protects body; muscles attached to bones; provides calcium storage; site of blood cell formation

bones, marrow

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

levers that transmit muscular forces; 

when muscles contract, they pull on bones;

______ inside some bones produces blood cells (specifically inside flat bones: skull, ribs and breastbone);

serve as banks for storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorus

joints

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

where 2 or more bones meet

cartilage

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

these are the soft bone in ears, nose;

makes up skeleton of sharks & young verterbrates

206, ~300

Number of bones in:

1. adults

2. baby

respiratory system

ORGAN SYSTEMS:

Function:

• to pull in oxygen for your body’s cells and get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product

alveoli

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
You pull in oxygen for your body’s cells and get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product, by

•  breathing in and out & through gas exchange between the small air sacs of your lungs (_____) & the blood vessels running nearby

larynx (voice box)

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:

this controls the descent of food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory system

trachea

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

air passes through the larynx into the ______, where it splits into two bronchi that lead to the lungs.

bronchioles

LOWER RESP. TRACT:

bronchi branch into these, which have buds at the ends (alveoli) that are the surface of respiratory exchange.

diaphragm

LOWER RESP. TRACT:

wide, flat muscle at the base of the chest cavity, controls inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs.

False; they are not since they are exocrine glands

TRUE OR FALSE:

Sweat glands excrete water and some wastes. They’re also part of the endocrine system.

exocrine glands

OTHER NOTES:

these secrete substances through ducts onto your bodily surfaces

• ex. sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands, lacrimal glands (tear glands), mammary glands

keratin

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:

protein that helps form hair, nails and your skin’s outer layer (epidermis);

glands and organs also contain this

circulatory system

ORGAN SYSTEM:

Function:

• Move blood throughout your body

• Bring oxygen and nutrients to your organs, muscles and tissues.

• Remove waste products like carbon dioxide and your organs’ chemical byproducts.

Cardiovascular system

2 SUBSYSTEMS OF CIRCULATORY SYS:

includes heart which pumps blood through blood vessels

Lymphatic system

2 SUBSYSTEMS OF CIRCULATORY SYS:

Helps preserve fluid balance & protects body against disease;

returns lost fluid to the blood

lymphocytes

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

type of white blood cell are formed in the lymph tissue

• T lymphocytes (mediators)

• B lymphocytes (antibody-producing)

T lymphocytes

2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES (UNDER CIRC. SYS):

mediators of cellular immunity & destroy invader

B lymphocytes

2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES (UNDER CIRC. SYS):

antibody-producing cells; humoral immunity

Artery

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

Vein

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

carries deoxygenated blood back from the heart

Capillaries

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

one-cell thick vessels where cellular exchange (gas, nutrients, wastes) takes place

Superior & inferior vena cava

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

deoxygenated blood passes through the _______ into the right atrium of the heart

Right ventricle

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

blood then flows into this ____ ____, which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins, left ventricle

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

oxygenated in the lungs, blood flows through the ______ back into the left atrium of the heart, then into the ______ from which it is pumped to the entire body via the aorta;

only veins that carry oxygenated blood

Arteries

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

breaking down into a network of arterioles

Veins

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

arise from a network of venules to bring blood back toward the heart

Capillaries

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

located between arterioles and venules

Lymph fluid

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

this can intermingle with blood along lymph capillaries

Lymph nodes

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

these filter the lymph fluid by the action of white blood cells, protective cells that sequester and isolate foreign bodies

LA → LV → AORTA → ARTERIES → CAPILLIARIES → VEINS → VC → RA → RV → PULMONARY ARTERIES → CAPILLIARIES → PULMONARY VEINS

path of blood circulation

aorta

BLOOD CIRCULATION:
main & largest blood vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body;

delivers nutrients and hormones & its branches ensure these substances reach internal organs and nearby supporting tissue

pulmonary arteries

BLOOD CIRCULATION:

only arteries that carry deoxygenated from the right side of your heart to your lungs

nervous system

ORGAN SYSTEM:

Function

• controls sensory input & motor output

Central nervous system (CNS)

2 DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:

includes brain & spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

2 DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:

consists of the sense organs (eyes, ears, taste buds, olfactory receptors, touch receptors) & the nerves which connect the spinal cord with the rest of the body

• somatic & autonomic

somatic division

2 DIVISIONS OF PNS:

controls voluntary functions

• ex. the sense organs & afferent nerves, movement

autonomic division

2 DIVISIONS OF PNS:

regulates the internal environment;

controls involuntary functions (ex. digestion or cardiovascular act);

has 2 types:

• Parasympathetic (conserves energy in body)

• Sympathetic (readies body for action)

Parasympathetic NS & Sympathetic NS

2 TYPES OF AUTONOMIC DIVISION:

1. conserves energy in body

2. readies body for action

Cerebrum

MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN:

regulates conscious actions that require thinking (ex speech, memory, behavior, movement, reasoning);

interprets the 5 senses;

largest part of your brain

Cerebellum

MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN:

maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills;

located in the back around brainstem

Brainstem (midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata)

MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN:

regulates many automatic body functions (ex. heart rate, breathing, sleep-wake cycles, & swallowing);

connects brain to spinal cord

Cranium

MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN:

part of the skull which surrounds the brain

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Also in the brain are the pituitary & pineal gland (regulates sleep-wake cycles).

neuron

NERVOUS SYSTEM:

aka nerve cell, the basic unit of the nervous system

cell body

PARTS OF A NEURON:

it contains the nucleus and organelles

Dendrites

PARTS OF A NEURON:

a fibrous network that receives messages

Axon

PARTS OF A NEURON:

a fibrous body that sends messages;

it carries away impulses insulated by a myelin sheath

Synapse

PARTS OF A NEURON:

gap between the dendrites of 1 neuron and the axon of another neuron;

messages flow through the _____ either electrically or chemically

Sensory neurons

3 TYPES OF NEURON:

these convey sensory input to the central nervous system

Interneurons

3 TYPES OF NEURON:

these coordinate sensory information with motor output

motor neurons

3 TYPES OF NEURON:

these convey instructions to the body

cranial nerves

UNDER PNS:

these nerves connect brain to organs of upper body

spinal nerves

UNDER PNS:

these connect spinal cord to rest of body

sensory (afferent) division

UNDER PNS:

this is responsible for incorporating outside stimuli;

carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the CNS

motor (efferent) division

UNDER PNS:

this is for responding to outside stimuli;

carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action.

fallopian tube, uterus

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

1. site of fertilization

2. site of implantation

ptyalin

OTHER NOTES:

a starch hydrolyzing enzyme produced by human salivary glands;

a form of salivary amylase

medulla oblongata

UNDER BRAINSTEM:

manages heart, circulation & breathing;

manages other auto processes (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting);

nerve connections & crossover point (why one side of brain almost controls parts on opposite side of body)

midbrain

UNDER BRAINSTEM:

topmost part of brainstem;

is involved in several functions, including motor control, particularly eye movements and processing of vision and hearing.

pons

UNDER BRAINSTEM:

handles unconscious processes and jobs (sleep-wake cycle and breathing);

manages pain signals;

works with other brain structures (is a key connection point to cerebellum);

• coords face & eye movements, facial sensations, hearing & balance