Biology Review Flashcards

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Flashcards about Cell Structure, Function, Genetics, and Evolution

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26 Terms

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Cell Membrane

Made of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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Semi-permeable Membrane

Small, uncharged molecules pass easily; large, charged ones do not.

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Passive Transport

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion (no energy required).

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Active Transport

Requires energy, moves molecules against concentration gradient.

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Osmosis

Water movement; cells shrink in hypertonic solutions, swell in hypotonic solutions.

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Photosynthesis

Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose); occurs in chloroplasts.

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Cellular Respiration

Converts glucose + O2 into CO2 + H2O + ATP.

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Steps of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → ETC/Chemiosmosis.

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Food Web

Web = many interconnected food chains.

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Mutualism

Both benefit in this symbiotic relationship.

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Parasitism

One benefits, one is harmed in this symbiotic relationship.

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Commensalism

One benefits, the other is unaffected in this symbiotic relationship.

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Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein

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DNA

Double-stranded, deoxyribose, thymine.

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RNA

Single-stranded, ribose, uracil.

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Transcription

DNA → mRNA.

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Translation

mRNA → amino acids.

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Punnett Squares

Use to predict genotypes and phenotypes.

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Pedigrees

Trace inheritance; autosomal recessive often skips generations.

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Asexual Reproduction

Identical offspring result from this type of reproduction.

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Sexual Reproduction

More variation results from this type of reproduction.

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Mitosis

For growth/repair; produces 2 identical diploid cells.

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Meiosis

For gametes; produces 4 non-identical haploid cells.

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Evolution

Change in species over time.

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Natural Selection

Best-adapted organisms reproduce more.

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Adaptations

Traits that improve survival in specific environments.