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Flashcards about Cell Structure, Function, Genetics, and Evolution
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Cell Membrane
Made of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Semi-permeable Membrane
Small, uncharged molecules pass easily; large, charged ones do not.
Passive Transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion (no energy required).
Active Transport
Requires energy, moves molecules against concentration gradient.
Osmosis
Water movement; cells shrink in hypertonic solutions, swell in hypotonic solutions.
Photosynthesis
Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose); occurs in chloroplasts.
Cellular Respiration
Converts glucose + O2 into CO2 + H2O + ATP.
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → ETC/Chemiosmosis.
Food Web
Web = many interconnected food chains.
Mutualism
Both benefit in this symbiotic relationship.
Parasitism
One benefits, one is harmed in this symbiotic relationship.
Commensalism
One benefits, the other is unaffected in this symbiotic relationship.
Central Dogma
DNA → RNA → Protein
DNA
Double-stranded, deoxyribose, thymine.
RNA
Single-stranded, ribose, uracil.
Transcription
DNA → mRNA.
Translation
mRNA → amino acids.
Punnett Squares
Use to predict genotypes and phenotypes.
Pedigrees
Trace inheritance; autosomal recessive often skips generations.
Asexual Reproduction
Identical offspring result from this type of reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction
More variation results from this type of reproduction.
Mitosis
For growth/repair; produces 2 identical diploid cells.
Meiosis
For gametes; produces 4 non-identical haploid cells.
Evolution
Change in species over time.
Natural Selection
Best-adapted organisms reproduce more.
Adaptations
Traits that improve survival in specific environments.