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Holy Roman Empire
A political entity in Europe from 800 to 1806.
Romulus Augustulus
Last Roman emperor, died in 476 CE.
Charlemagne
Declared 'Emperor of the Romans' in 800 CE.
Otto I
German king who revived the empire concept in 961.
Imperial College
Electoral body of German nobility for the emperor.
Habsburg Family
Dominant royal family in Austria and Germany.
Charles V
Ruled Spain and much of Europe, d. 1558.
Protestant Reformation
Religious movement challenging Catholic Church authority.
Philip II
Son of Charles V; king of Spain and Portugal.
Spanish Armada
Fleet built by Philip II for invading England.
Counter Reformation
Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation.
Habsburg Dominance
Began in 1273, emperors from 1452 to 1740.
Francis I
Valois King of France, major enemy of Charles V.
Age of Discovery
Period of exploration and expansion in the 15th century.
Ottoman Empire
Major Muslim power during Charles V's reign.
Lutherans
Protestants following Martin Luther's teachings.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Grandparents of Charles V, influential Spanish monarchs.
Habsburg Lands
Territories controlled by the Habsburgs around 1648.
German Princes
Nobility who sometimes allied with Protestantism.
Papal Relations
Charles V's fluctuating alliances with the papacy.
New World Wealth
Resources from the Americas benefiting Philip II.
