apush american yawp chapters 1-2

How long did people live in the Americas before European contact?

Ten thousand years.

What were some characteristics of Native American societies?

They followed seasonal migration patterns, maintained peace with neighbors, had trade networks, self-sufficient economies, distinct art forms, and kinship united communities.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A trade of people, animals, plants, and disease that bridged the separation between the Old and New Worlds.

What tradition explains the creation of Earth in Lenape culture?

Sky Woman fell into a watery world and landed on a turtle's back, creating North America.

What evidence suggests that Natives traveled to the Americas?

Studies indicate that twenty thousand years ago, ice sheets formed a land bridge between Asia and North America.

What were the main agricultural products relied upon by Mesoamericans?

Maize (corn), beans, and squash, known as the Three Sisters.

What agricultural techniques did Native Americans use to sustain crops year-round?

Shifting cultivation and hand tools.

What social changes did agriculture bring to Native American societies?

It caused population growth, social changes, and some decline in health, such as weaker bones and teeth.

What were the largest cultural groups in North America?

The Puebloan groups in the Southwest, Mississippian groups around the Great River, Mesoamerican groups in central Mexico, and the Yucatán.

What advancements allowed for the growth of early societies like Tenochtitlan?

Developments in agricultural technology.

What challenges did the Puebloan people face?

Deforestation, overirrigation, and extreme drought.

What was significant about the Mississippian civilization in Cahokia?

It had a population similar to European cities and featured buildings that rose up to ten stories.

How did Native American slavery differ from European slavery?

Native American slavery was based on enslaving people lacking kinship rather than treating them as property.

What event marked a significant change in Cahokia around 1050?

A major transformation occurred, referred to as a 'big bang' in their society.

What role did agriculture play in the diets of Native Americans?

It provided rich and diverse diets that supported population growth.

How did climate changes affect Native American migration patterns?

As glacial ice sheets receded, warmer climates and new resources caused some communities to migrate south or east.

What types of communication did Native Americans use?

Artistic forms such as recipes, songs, animal skins, and textiles.

What was the significance of corn in Native American culture?

Corn held an important cultural role and was a staple in their diets.

What were some of the environmental impacts of agricultural practices among Native Americans?

Deforestation and overirrigation.

What was the relationship between kinship and slavery in Native American societies?

Slavery was based on kinship ties; individuals without kinship were more likely to be enslaved.

What were the main ecosystems where Native Americans settled?

They settled in areas where ecosystems suited them, often along riverways.

What were the consequences of the 500% population growth in cities?

It caused problems like demand for fuel, drought, and building materials, leading to internal political issues.

How did North American communities maintain their existence?

They were supported by long-distance trading routes, such as the Mississippi River.

What characterized the communities of Natives in the Eastern Woodlands?

They lived in smaller communities to utilize rich soils and many rivers.

What united Lenape communities?

Ceremonial traditions, kinship, a shared clan system, and oral histories.

What roles did women play in Lenape communities?

Women were important in marriages, houses, and agriculture, planting crops like tobacco and sunflowers, and coordinating labor.

What was the significance of salmon in the Pacific Northwest?

Salmon was highly valued and respected, leading to sustainable harvesting practices using nets, hooks, and canoes.

What social structure developed in the Pacific Northwest due to population density and food abundance?

A unique social organization with elaborate feasts (potlatches) that determined social status.

What materials did Pacific Northwest communities use for construction and art?

Cedar trees were used to make big plank houses, totem poles, and carved masks.

What were the early European explorations in the New World?

Scandinavian seafarers created colonies in Iceland and Greenland but were driven back due to weather and resource challenges.

How did the Crusades impact European exploration?

They increased wealth, power, and knowledge of Asia, leading to new trade markets and wealth.

What was the impact of the Hundred Years' War on European nation-states?

It accelerated nationalism and made the formation of nation-states necessary.

What role did Italian traders play in European trade with Asia?

They controlled the Mediterranean trade and sought a more direct route to Asia.

What advancements did Portugal make in exploration?

They invested in exploration, perfected the astrolabe for latitude finding, and developed the caravel for ocean travel.

What was Vasco da Gama known for?

He traveled around Africa to access Asian markets.

How did sugar cultivation impact the Portuguese and their labor needs?

Sugar was a lucrative crop, leading Portugal to turn to enslaved Africans for plantation labor.

What was Columbus's goal in his westward exploration?

He aimed to find wealth and avoid middlemen in trade, but he underestimated the distance and landed in the Bahamas.

What was the fate of the Arawaks upon Columbus's arrival?

They were innocent and lived sustainably, but Columbus enslaved them after finding some gold.

What did Barolome de las Casas document regarding Spanish treatment of Natives?

He wrote about the brutality and forced labor imposed on Natives through the encomienda system.

What was the impact of European diseases on Native populations?

Natives were not exposed to these diseases before colonization, leading to a 90% population decline due to smallpox, typhus, and others.

What were the motives behind Spanish exploration and conquest?

The motives were god, gold, and glory, with mercenaries also joining the efforts.

How did the encomienda system function in Spanish colonies?

It tied Natives to estates, granting land and a specific number of Natives to control to encomenderos, who were often brutal.

What system replaced encomienda in 1542?

Repartimiento

What were the main issues associated with repartimiento?

It had many abuses similar to encomienda, leading to continued exploitation of the Native population.

Which civilizations did Spanish conquerors encounter in Central and South America?

The Maya and the Aztecs.

What factors contributed to the collapse of the Maya civilization before European arrival?

Droughts and inefficient agricultural practices.

Where was the center of the Aztec civilization located?

Tenochtitlan, built on a lake.

What agricultural technique did the Aztecs use to support their city?

Chinampas, or artificial islands for crop cultivation.

What was Hernan Cortes's strategy for invading Mexico in 1519?

He planned to invade with six hundred men, cannons, and horses, relying on a Native translator, Dona Marina.

What happened to Montezuma during the Spanish conquest?

He was captured by Cortes and used to control Aztec gold and silver reserves.

What led to the Aztec revolt against the Spaniards?

Montezuma was perceived as a traitor, leading to large uprisings.

What was a significant consequence of the Spanish siege of Tenochtitlan?

The cut-off of food and fresh water led to a smallpox outbreak.

Where was the Inca Empire located?

Near the Andes Mountains in South America, with its capital at Cuzco.

What impact did smallpox have on the Inca population?

It halved the population and affected the emperor, Juayna Capac.

Who was Francisco Pizarro and what did he accomplish?

Inspired by Cortes, he took control of the Inca Empire and seized its capital in 1533.

What were the main components of the Spanish colonial administration?

A large administrative hierarchy with royal appointees overseeing territories.

How did Spain utilize Native populations in their colonies?

Natives were used for labor in gold, silver, and crop production.

What demographic trends characterized Spanish migration to the New World?

Male Spaniards emigrated for land, wealth, and social advancement, while laborers, craftsmen, soldiers, and clerks also came.

What was the Sistema de Castas?

A racial hierarchy that organized people into groups based on purity of blood.

How did the Catholic Church influence interracial marriage in the New World?

It endorsed interracial marriage due to the shortage of Spanish women.

What was the significance of Spanish building Mexico City on Tenochtitlan?

It replaced indigenous foundations with Spanish food and language.

What motivated Spain's expansion northward?

Promises of gold and the desire for more empires.

What was the primary reason North America had no incentive for Spanish colonization?

There was no gold, silver, plantations, or potential empires.

What were the consequences of the rediscovery of the Americas?

It caused horrors, death, and chaos, with disease devastating whole communities.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect global diets and agriculture?

It led to significant changes in diets and agriculture worldwide, including the spread of domesticated animals like horses.

What was the impact of disease on Native populations in the Americas?

Disease wiped out many Native populations, leading to a population boom in Europe due to new foods.

What was Spain's strategy for colonization in the Americas?

Spain expanded into the Americas, starting with Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America, using wealth to gain advantages.

Who was Juan Ponce de León and what did he do?

He went to La Florida in 1513 and encountered Native populations.

What was the mission system in Spanish America?

It involved missionaries living in villages and extending into regions like the Apalachee district.

What happened during Juan de Oñate's expedition to New Mexico?

His expedition was brutal, resulting in the deaths of half the inhabitants of a city.

What was significant about Santa Fe in 1610?

It was the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest.

What challenges did Spanish colonizers face in North America?

They struggled with a hostile environment and conflicts with Native populations.

What role did missionaries play in Spanish colonization?

They became the main motive for colonization in North America, primarily from the Franciscan order.

What was the Black Legend in relation to Spanish colonization?

It referred to the belief that Spain's actions hindered the spread of Christianity globally.

What motivated Spain's rivals to explore the New World?

Religious justification and economic reasons inspired European monarchs to invest in conquest.

What was the goal of early French explorers in North America?

They sought a waterway through North America to Asia.

How did French colonization differ from Spanish colonization?

French colonization focused on cooperation with natives rather than dominance.

What was Quebec's significance in French colonization?

Founded in 1608, it became the major trading hub for New France.

What was the relationship between French fur traders and Native Americans?

Fur traders often married Native American women and established mutually beneficial relationships.

What happened to the Huguenots in France and how did it affect New France?

After France criminalized Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots emigrated to New France.

What was the middle ground in the context of French and Native American relations?

It was a cross-cultural space for interaction and negotiation between the French and Native Americans.

What was the status of women in the Netherlands during the colonial period?

Women were separate from their legal identities and husbands.

How did the Dutch build their colonial empire?

They used skilled merchants and sailors, benefiting from greater religious tolerance.

What was the Dutch East India Company known for?

Creating innovative financial systems and being a major player in trade.

What were the limitations of democracy in the Dutch colonies?

Freedoms had their limits, and they brought enslaved Africans to the New World.

Who was Henry Hudson and what was his contribution to New Netherland?

He searched for the Northwest Passage, failed, but claimed the Hudson River and established New Netherland.

What were the Dutch guidelines for purchasing land?

They were peaceful but inconsistent.

What were the primary motives behind Dutch colonization?

Profit and trade, including exchanging wampum for beaver pelts.

What labor issues did the Dutch face in their colonies?

Labor shortages led to the importation of enslaved people to build infrastructure.

What was the outcome for some enslaved people in the Dutch colonies?

Some petitioned for freedom and received half freedom, while others faced brutal slavery.

What role did the Portuguese play in colonization?

They accelerated colonization efforts due to wealth, creating rivalry and problems in the Catholic world.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

An agreement by the Pope that split the New World between Spain and Portugal.

What was the focus of Portuguese colonies?

Initially in Africa and India, later concentrated on Brazil and the sugar and slave trade.

How did sugar plantations in Brazil impact the slave trade?

They required a large number of enslaved workers from Africa.

What was the impact of Jesuit missionaries in Brazil?

They brought Christianity but mixed it with African and native cultures.

How did the Protestant Reformation affect English colonization?

It slowed colonization efforts until Elizabeth I's reign, which oversaw a golden age of trade and exploration.

What economic system characterized English colonization?

Mercantilism, which involved state-assisted manufacturing and trading.

What social changes occurred in England that influenced colonization?

Population growth led to high land costs and low farming income, creating landless peasants.

What justification did English colonists use for their actions?

They claimed to be doing God's work by Christianizing the people.

What was Hakluyt's 'Discourse on Western Planting' about?

It discussed the religious, moral, and economic benefits of colonization.