GBTC 5212 Exam 2 (Bordetella, Brucella, Francisella, & Spirochetes)

What is the primary pathogenic species of Bordetella?

B. pertussis

What illness does B. pertussis cause?

Whooping cough

How is B. pertussis transmitted?

• Upper respiratory tract secretions

• Inanimate objects

What is the age distribution of B. pertussis?

• Children

• Newborns (<6 months of age)

What are the main toxins for Bordetella?

• Pertussis toxin

• Adenylate Cyclase/Hemolysin Toxin

• Tracheal Cytotoxin

• Dermonecrotic Toxin

What is another name for pertussis toxin?

Pertussigen

What is another name for adenylate cyclase/hemolysin toxin?

Cyclolysin

What are the main adhesions for Bordetella?

• Filamentous Hemagglutinin

• Pertactin

What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella?

• Incubation

• Catarrhal, Prodromal, Perparoxysmal Stage

• Paroxysmal, Spasmodic Stage

• Convalescent Stage

• Complication (Secondary Bacterial Infection)

• Immunity

What are the main symptoms of the catarrhal stage?

Rhinorrhea, malaise, fever, sneezing, anorexia

What are the main symptoms of the paroxysmal stage?

Repetitive cough with whoops, vomiting, leukocytosis

What are the main symptoms of the convalescent stage?

Diminished paroxysmal cough, development of secondary complications (pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy)

How is Bordetella diagnosed?

• Isolation

• Direct Fluorescent Antibody

• Culture

• Nucleic Acid Amplification

• Serologic Tests

What is isolated during Bordetella diagnosis?

Nasopharyngeal Aspirate

What is the culture used to grow Bordetella?

Regan-Lowe Medium

What is the Bordetella vaccine?

Extract of encapsulated B. pertussis

• DPT vaccine

• Side effects

What are acellular vaccines for Bordetella?

• Acel-Imune; Tripedia

• Bordetella components

• DPT Vaccine

• Side effects

What are the Bordetella components found in acellular vaccines?

• Filamentous hemagglutinin

• Pertussis toxin

• Pertactin

What are the main species of Brucella?

• B. melitensis

• B. abortus

• B. suis

• B. canis

What are the main hosts of B. melitensis?

Goats and sheep

What are the main hosts of B. abortus?

Cattle and American bison

What are the most hosts of B. suis?

Swine, reindeer, caribou

What are the main hosts of B. canis?

Dogs, foxes, coyotes

What is the primary physiology of Brucella?

Erythritol (Viscerotropism)

How is Brucella transmitted?

• Handling infected tissue

• Ingestion

• Inhalation

• Conjunctiva

• Laboratory acquired

What is the clinical course of Brucella?

• Inoculation

• PMN Intracellular Multiplication

• Lymph Nodes

• Blood Invasion

• Granulomatous Lesions

• Convalescence

Where are granulomatous lesions caused by Brucella found?

Spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, kidneys

How is Brucella diagnosed?

• Isolation

• Identification

• Serological Tests

What serological test is used to diagnose Brucella?

Agglutination Titers

How is Brucella prevented?

• Serological monitoring and animal destruction

• Vaccination of herds

• Pasteurization of dairy products

• Laboratory safety

What is the epidemiology of Francisella tularensis?

• Tularemia-Glandular Fever, Rabbit Fever, Tick Fever, Deer Fly Fever

• Reservoirs

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?

• Blood sucking arthropods

• Ingestion

• Handling infected tissues

• Inhalation

• Bites

What is the pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis?

• Inoculation

• Ulceroglandular

• Oculoglandular

• Glandular

• Typhoidal

• Pneumonic

• Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal

• Immunity

How is Francisella tularensis inoculated?

Ulcerating papule

How is Francisella tularensis prevented?

Vaccination with live attenuated Francisella tularensis

What are the main genera of spirochetes?

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema

How are spirochetes stained?

• Biological Stains

• Silver Impregnation

• Darkfield Microscopy

• Fluorescent Microscopy

What genus of spirochetes primarily involve biological staining?

Borrelia

What spirochete genus involves cultivation and resistance?

Leptospira

What is the most common pathogenic species of Treponema?

Treponema pallidum

What illness does T. pallidum cause?

Syphilis

What are the modes of transmission for T. pallidum?

• Sexual contact

• Congenitally Acquired

• Blood Transfusion

• Direct Inoculation

What are the virulence factors for T. pallidum?

• Outer membrane proteins

• Hyaluronidase

• Fibronectin Coating

What is the pathogenesis for T. pallidum?

• Penetration of Mucous Membranes or Skin

• Incubation

• Primary Stage

• Primary Latent Stage

• Secondary Stage

• Latent Stage

• Tertiary Stage

What are the main symptom of the primary stage of T. pallidum?

Hard Chancre

Where do hard chancre occur on males?

Genitalia

Where do hard chancre occur on females?

Cervix

What does the secondary stage of T. pallidum involve?

Systemic Involvement

• "Flu like" syndrome

• Skin lesions

• Mucous membrane lesions

What are the substages of the latent stage in T. pallidum?

• Early latent

• Late latent

What is another name for the tertiary stage of T. pallidum?

Late syphilis

What are the main symptoms of the tertiary stage of T. pallidum?

• Neurosyphilis

• Asymptomatic

• Symptomatic

• Meningovascular

• Parenchymatous

• General Paresis

• Tabes Dorsalis

• Cardiovascular

What does late benign syphilis involve?

Gumma formation

What are the clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis?

• Free of disease

• Late abortion

• Still born

• Neonatal Death

• Neonatal Disease

What is the main cause of stillbirth via congenital syphilis?

Pneumonia alba (White Pneumonia)

What are the main symptoms of neonatal disease caused by congenital syphilis?

• Mucocutaneous membrane and bone lesions

• Neurosyphilis

How is T. pallidum diagnosed?

• Clinical Manifestations

• Direct Demonstration of Organism

• Serologic Tests

How is T. pallidum diagnosed via demonstration of organisms?

• Darkfield examination

• Silver stain

• Fluorescein-labeled antibody

What are the diseases caused by Borrelia?

• Relapsing Fever

• Lyme Disease

What are the types of relapsing fever?

• Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever

• Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever

What species cause Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever?

Borrelia recurrentis

What is another name for Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever?

Epidemic relapsing fever

What species cause Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever?

Borrelia hermsii, B. turicatae, B. parkerii

What is another name for Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever?

Endemic relapsing fever

What is the pathogenesis of relapsing fever?

• Incubation

• Febrile Illness

• Afebrile Period

• Relapses

What are the relapses in relapsing fever caused by?

Antigenic variation

How is relapsing fever diagnosed?

• Demonstration of Borrelia in blood

• Serologic Test

What are the main methods for the demonstration of Borrelia in blood?

• Darkfield examination

• Giemsa or Wright Staining

What are the main treatments for relapsing fever?

• Tetracycline or erythromycin

• Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

What species cause Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii

What is the vector for Lyme disease

Hard ticks

What are the reservoirs for Lyme disease?

White-footed mouse & White-tailed deer