Poultry Viruses (follows LOs)

what family of virus is Fowlpox?

poxvirus

what is the structure of Fowlpox?

enveloped DNA

does Fowlpox infect chickens, turkeys, or both?

Both

does Fowlpox spread via horizontal transmission, vertical transmission, or both?

horizontal

List the cs/ls of the dry form of Fowlpox:

papules, vesicles, pustules, crusts on unfeathered skin

List the CS/LS of the wet form of Fowlpox:

yellow, raised lesions on mouth, pharynx, trachea
- difficulty swallowing
- difficulty breathing
- may lead to aspiration pneumonia

how do we diagnose Fowlpox?

- CS/LS
- histopathology: Bollinger bodies

is Fowlpox reportable?

no

is there a vaccine for Fowlpox?

Yes

Chickens: wingwebe
turkeys: inner thigh

What family of virus is Newcastle Disease?

paramyxovirus

what is the structure of Newcastle Disease?

enveloped RNA

does Newcastle Disease infect chickens, turkeys, or both?

both

does Newcastle Disease spread via horizontal transmission, vertical transmission, or both?

horizontal

Describe what you would see in a patient with Mesogenic/Lentogenic (PMV-1) forms of Newcastle Disease

- upper respiratory signs
- frothy air sacs
- opportunity for secondary bacterial infection

Describe what you would see in a patient with VVND form of Newcastle Disease

- swelling of head around eyes
- oculonasal discharge
- acute drop in egg production

Describe what you would see in a patient with NVND form of Newcastle Disease

- respiratory signs
- CNS/PNS signs including leg and wing paralysis

How can we diagnose Newcastle Disease?

- necropsy
- RT-PCR
- ELISA

is Newcastle Disease reportable?

VVND and NVND forms are!

is there a vaccine for Newcastle Disease?

Yes

- mesogenic form is prevented using lentogenic live strains in meat-type poultry and prior to egg production.
- killed vax used as boosters after egg production

What family is Avian Influenza?

orthomyxovirus

what is the structure of Avian Influenza?

enveloped RNA

does Avian Influenza infect chickens, turkeys, or both?

both

is Avian Influenza spread via horizontal transmission, vertical transmission, or both?

horizontal

List and describe what you would see in a patient with Avian Influenza

Low path strain H5/H7: mild respiratory signs, drop in egg production, low mortality

High path strains H5/H7: diarrhea, edema of head and face, CNS signs, acute drop in egg production, high mortality

what lesions would you find with a patient with Avian Influenza?

- tracheitis
+/- tracheal hemorrhage
- SQ hemorrhages in comb, wattles, and legs
- subcapsular hemorrhage in organs

How can Avian Influenza be diagnosed?

- Necropsy
-RT-PCR
- confirmation of subtype

is Avian Influenza reportable?

H5 and H7 subtypes are

(other subtypes are up to state regulations)

is there a vaccine for Avian Influenza?

yes but rarely used in US

what family of virus is Infectious Bronchitis?

coronavirus

what is the structure of infectious bronchitis?

enveloped RNA

is infectious bronchitis seen in turkeys, chickens, or both?

chickens

is infectious bronchitis spread via horizontal, vertical, or both?

horizontal

CS/LS of infectious bronchitis?

- oculonasal discharge in chicks

adults:
- snick
- cough
- tracheal rales
- serous or caseous exudate in trachea, nasal passages, sinuses +/- airsacculitis
- drop in egg production (with soft shell or mishapen)

Severe infectious bronchitis in young birds can lead to long term problems. List what these are:

- impacted oviducts
- ruptured ova
- cystic right oviducts
- if kidneys affected: renal failure

How can we diagnose infectious bronchitis?

- necropsy
- RT-PCR
- ELISA
- histopath (rule out infectious laryngotracheitis)

is infectious bronchitis reportable?

no

is there a vaccine for infectious bronchitis?

yes

- live (spray)
- killed (SQ or IM)

what family of virus is infectious laryngotracheitis

herpesvirus

what structure is infectious laryngotracheitis

enveloped DNA

is infectious laryngotracheitis found in chickens, turkeys, or both?

chickens

is infectious laryngotracheitis spread via horizontal, vertical, or both?

horizontal

what are the clinical signs of infectious laryngotracheitis?

(morbidity high, mortality strain dependent)
- oculonasal discharge
- sinusitis
- drop in egg production

virulent strains
- coughing with bloody mucus
- dyspnea (open mouth and head/neck extended)

how can we diagnose infectious laryngotracheitis?

- histopath: intranuclear inclusion bodies in tracheal epithelial cells and conjunctival mucosa
- PCR
- ELISA

is there a vaccine for infectious laryngotracheitis?

yes (vaccinate in face of an outbreak)

is infectious laryngotracheitis reportable?

no

does Neonatal Enteritis affect chickens, turkeys, or both?

both

how is Neonatal Enteritis spread?

horizontal transmission

CS/LS of Neonatal Enteritis:

- ill-thrift
- shrill chirping
- huddling
- ruffled feathers
- paleness
- diarrhea
- poor weight gain
- decreased e/d
- poor feed conversion
- un-even growth
- small intestines: mucosal hyperemia + watery, gaseous intestinal contents, thin intestinal walls, litter material in gizzard

how can we diagnose Neonatal Enteritis?

- necropsy
- RT-PCR
- histopath: villus blunting and coalescing
-IHC staining

is there a vaccine for neonatal enteritis?

no

is neonatal enteritis reportable?

no

what family is coronaviral enteritis of turkeys?

coronavirus

what is the structure of coronaviral enteritis of turkeys?

enveloped RNA

does coronaviral enteritis of turkeys affect chickens, turkeys or both?

turkeys

how is coronaviral enteritis of turkeys spread?

horizontal transmission

CS/LS of coronaviral enteritis of turkeys

- depression
- huddling
- shrill chirping
- drop in e/d
- weight loss
- watery or frothy droppings
- intestines small, thin-walled filled with frothy, watery contents
- turkey breeder hens: rapid drop in egg production and white-shelled eggs

how can we diagnose coronaviral enteritis of turkeys?

- necropsy
- CS/LS
- RT-PCR

is there a vaccine for coronaviral enteritis of turkeys?

no

is coronaviral enteritis of turkeys reportable?

no

what family of virus is turkey viral hepatitis?

picornavirus

what is the structure of turkey viral hepatitis?

non-enveloped RNA

is turkey viral hepatitis seen in turkeys, chickens, or both?

turkeys

how is turkey viral hepatitis spread?

horizontal and vertical transmission

CS/LS of turkey viral hepatitis

often subclinical unless another disease or stressor present

- depression
- sporadic deaths
- coalescing focal hepatic necrosis with congestion and hemorrhage
- focal pancreatic necrosis

how can we diagnose turkey viral hepatitis?

- necropsy
- histopath
- RT-PCR

is turkey viral hepatitis reportable?

no

is there a vaccine for turkey viral hepatitis?

no

what family of virus is inclusion body hepatitis?

adenovirus

what is the structure of inclusion body hepatitis?

non-enveloped DNA

does inclusion body hepatitis infect chickens, turkeys, or both?

chickens

how is inclusion body hepatitis spread?

horizontal and vertical transmission

CS/LS of inclusion body hepatitis

- sudden peak in mortality
- icterus
- pallor
- hepatomegaly
- liver tan-yellow, mottled
- can see increased pericardial fluid
- multifocal necrosis with inclusion bodies can be found in liver, kidneys, heart

how do we diagnose inclusion body hepatitis?

- necropsy
- histopath
- ELISA

is there a vaccine for inclusion body hepatitis?

yes

- vaccinate breeders

is inclusion body hepatitis reportable?

no

chicken astrovirus can cause nephritis

true or false?

true

are there nephrotrophic strains of infectious bronchitis virus?

yes

what family of virus is infectious bursal disease?

birnaviridae

what structure is infectious bursal disease?

non-enveloped RNA

does infectious bursal disease affect chickens, turkeys, or both?

chickens

how is infectious bursal disease spread?

horizontal transmission

CS/LS of infectious bursal disease

- tremors
- depression
- anorexia
- ruffled feathers
- vent picking
- bursa become edematous and congested then completely atrophies in 7-8 days
- immunosuppression (can lead to secondary bacterial infections)

how do we diagnose infectious bursal disease?

- necropsy
- histopath
- ELISA

is there a vaccine for infectious bursal disease?

YES

- killed vaccine (breeders)

is infectious bursal disease reportable?

no

what family of virus is hemorrhagic enteritis?

adenovirus

what structure is hemorrhagic enteritis?

non-enveloped DNA

does hemorrhagic enteritis affect chickens, turkeys, or both?

primarily turkeys (can see it in chickens)

how does hemorrhagic enteritis spread?

horizontal transmission

CS/LS of hemorrhagic enteritis

- drop in e/d
- bloody feces
- blood-stained vent
- mottled spleen
- virulent type: necrosis of mucosa and luminal hemorrhage in duodenum

with milder strains will see higher mortality related to secondary infection (such as e.coli)

how do we diagnose hemorrhagic enteritis?

- necropsy
- histopath: intranuclear inclusion bodies (spleen)
- AGID
- ELISA

what is the name of the pathotype of hemorrhagic enteritis in chickens?

avian splenomegaly virus

what is the name of the pathotype of hemorrhagic enteritis in pheasants?

marble spleen disease

is hemorrhagic enteritis reportable?

no

is there a vaccine for hemorrhagic enteritis?

yes (turkeys)

what type of virus is lymphoid leukosis?

retrovirus

what structure is lymphoid leukosis?

enveloped RNA

is lymphoid leukosis found in chickens, turkeys, or both

chickens only

how is lymphoid leukosis spread?

horizontal and vertical transmission

CS/LS of lymphoid leukosis

- enlargement of abdomen (tumors)
- neoplastic infiltration in liver, bursa, kidney, ovary
- do NOT see tumors in CNS
-proventricular hyperplasia seen in young broiler chickens