ap world unit 7, 8, 9

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Josef Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.

Cold War

1945-1991 A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of reforms to establish Socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on USSR

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Bolshevik Party

a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903, the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Soviet Union

\n Containment

 

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

\n Democratization

A process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one

Stalin focused of industrialization and increased production in the Soviet Union by using...

Five-Year plans

How did the depression cause the rise of totalitarianism?

* destabilized governments
* ruined national confidence
* inspired widespread desperation

Why was the provisional government after the March Revolution unpopular?

they stayed in WWI

What happens to the Czar's family in 1918?

they were exectuded

Which group was known for taking a 6,000-mile journey known as the "Long March?"

\n Chinese Communists, fleeing the Nationalists

How did the May Fourth Movement influence the formation of a Communist party in China?

* established the disillusionment of the Chinese people in their government 
* planted the seeds of Communist ideology within the minds of intellectuals
* turned the people against Sun Yixian's beliefs in Western democracy

What was the result of China having a Nationalist government recognized by the world but a Communist party growing in the countryside?

Civil war broke out between the two groups

Why did Chinese peasants align themselves with the Communists rather than the Nationalists?

The Communists divided land among the farmers, while the Nationalists ignored their problems

Which of these was something in common among the Mexican, Russian, and Chinese Revolutions?

\n A desire for more equality in land rights

What was the effect of Germany's arrival as a new powerful player on the international scene?

It was disruptive to the established order.

What was the popular attitude in Europe towards the prospect of war in the summer of 1914?

\n Widespread enthusiasm for war

 

What impact did World War I have on Europe's colonial empires?

The war drew in laborers and soldiers from the colonies.

What term best describes the predominant style of warfare in World War I?

trench warfare

What was the reaction of many European intellectuals to the experience of World War I?

Profound disillusionment with European civilization

Which of the following seriously weakened Wilson's idea of a League of Nations?

Failure of U.S. Senate to ratify the League

Which of the following was NOT a factor in causing the Great Depression?

\n Government interference in market economies

The "Axis" nations were united by their opposition to what international movement?

communism

Mussolini's "fascist" movement came to power promising an alternative to what?

\n Both democracy and communism

 

What was meant by the term "corporate state," used to describe fascist Italy?

\n Business and labor were to be unified within the state.

What myth arose in Germany in the 1920s to explain why Germany lost World War I?

Socialist, Jews, and liberals in Germany stabbed Germany in the back.

 

How did Hitler and the Nazis view modern, urban life?

\n As a Jewish conspiracy to corrupt traditional, German values

Which Enlightenment values did the Nazis draw upon in their ideology?

Science and human perfectibility

How did Japanese nationalists differentiate Japanese society from Western society?

They believed that the Japanese were more loyal to their ruler than westerners to their own rulers.


In what way was nationalist Japan most similar to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany?

Aggressive ambition for conquest and empire-building.

What was the real reason that Japan began invading French, British, Dutch, and American territories in Southeast Asia and the Pacific?

To control resources and end their dependence on the West

Which of the following is NOT an example of the term "Total War" during WWII?

\n The bombing of Pearl Harbor

What was the impact of the outcome of World War II on communism?

\n It gave communism legitimacy in the Soviet Union and control over half of Europe and much of Asia.

What happened to European economies after the United States began its Marshall Plan in 1948?

Europe saw massive economic growth and widespread prosperity.

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks take power in 1917?

Through an overnight coup in the capital

How did the Chinese Communist Party adapt its ideology and strategy during its long struggle to power?

\n It focused on creating peasant communism and rural guerilla warfare.

Which of the following was NOT a way in which the Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong gained the widespread support of the peasantry?

By promising the end of the rural way of life

Which of the following best describes the initial policies of the Soviet and Chinese Communist Parties toward women after taking power?

\n They achieved far-reaching freedom for women.

How did the Bolshevik efforts at land redistribution compare with Chinese Communist efforts at land redistribution?

\n The Bolsheviks found the task much easier than the Chinese Communists.

What happened to communist commitment to social and gender equality in Stalin’s USSR?

\n Those values were often set aside in favor of industrial development and state power.

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns, the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution"?

\n The death and ruin of tens of millions and the widespread discrediting of communism

Why did the United States military intervene so massively in Vietnam in the 1960s?

\n It feared a communist victory there would lead to communist expansion to the rest of Asia and beyond.

Why did the Soviet Union so greatly value the Communist regime in Cuba?

\n It was the first country where Communism triumphed without the help of the Soviet Army.

How did the cold war impact many third world countries?

Both sides attempted to entice the support of third world countries with military and economic aid.

What helped sustain the immense military effort involved in the United States' efforts to contain the spread of communism?

\n A booming consumer economy

Why did the Soviet Union invade Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, and threaten to invade Poland in 1980, if those countries were supposedly its own allies?

\n To crush reformist movements that they feared would spread throughout the Soviet alliance

 

What characterized the main economic failure of communism?

\n Inability to match the West in quality and availability of consumer goods

What was the result of the reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping as leader of the Chinese Communist Party after Mao's death?

Stunning economic growth along mostly capitalist models

What was the immediate or initial impact of Gorbachev's policy of glasnost?

\n Many dark truths about life in the USSR were brought to light for the first time.

What was the impact of glasnost on the Soviet allies in Eastern Europe?

It sparked massive demonstrations that swept away communism in Eastern Europe.

Which of the following best describes why Gorbachev's reforms led to the total collapse of the Soviet Union and communism?

Gorbachev opened a "Pandora's box" of demands for change that the Soviet system could not handle.

Which of the following reflects aspects of the Chinese Communist Party's strategy on its revolutionary path to \n power?

Land reform and guerrilla warfare

What did the Russian and Chinese revolutions share in common with the French Revolution?

A vision of the good society in a modernizing future

In contrast to Russia, the communist revolution in China

focused on building peasant support in the countryside.

Which of the following made modernization more difficult in China than in Russia?

the larger population in China

which of the following was a feature common in both Soviet and Chinese policies toward women?

They were largely state-directed.

In contrast to China, the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union

was marked by extensive violence and the execution or deportation of wealthier peasants.

Which of the following was a criticism of the Soviet model of industrialization made by Chinese leaders in the \n mid-1950s?

It promoted individualistic and careerist values.

In what respect did the communist movements in the twentieth century depart from Marxist theory?

They occurred in largely agrarian societies.

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns—the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?

The death and ruin of tens of millions, and the widespread discrediting of communism

Which of the following contributed to American global influence in the decades following World War II?

A productive economy in a country untouched by the destruction of war

Which of the following describes relations among those countries controlled by communist parties?

Bitter and divisive conflict undermined any sense of communist solidarity.

Which of the following contributed to the failure of Soviet reforms to strengthen socialism and revive a stagnant economy?

The planned economy was dismantled before a functioning market-based system could emerge.

What was the result of the reforms instituted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China in the 1980s?

Rapid economic growth based on capitalist models

What effect did the Soviet policy of glasnost have on the communist countries in Eastern Europe?

It sparked demonstrations that toppled the communist states in Eastern Europe.

What did the different expressions of global communism in the twentieth century share in common?

A common ideology derived from European Marxism

Which of the following refers to the military alliance that united the Soviet Union with Eastern European communist states against Western capitalist countries during the cold war?

The Warsaw Pact

Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?

The pressures of World War I

Which of the following promises made by the Bolsheviks resonated with the majority of the Russian population in 1917?

Worker control of factories

Which of the following contributed to the Bolsheviks' victory in the Russian civil war?

The divisions among their opponents

Which of the following was a value emphasized in the socialist modernity of communist states?

Equality

Which of the following was a feature of most communist states?

Mass organizations controlled by the Communist Party

Which of the following events in China was most similar to the search for "enemies of the people" in the Soviet Terror of the late 1930s?

The Cultural Revolution

Which of the following countries' membership in the "second world" of communist countries occurred without Soviet military intervention?

Cuba

the widespread effects of the great depression

* France and Britain were in debt to the US, but couldn’t pay because Germany wasn’t paying them back
* agricultural overproduction + stock market crash = the great depression in the US in 1929
* American investors had to take out money from German banks, causing more inflation in Germany

keynesian economics

* British economist John Maynard Keynes rejected the laissez-faire market idea, saying that the government could fix the economy by using a technique called deficit spending


* deficit spending included cutting taxes and increasing spending

new deal

* administration of President Franklin Roosevelt used Keynes idea to create policies called the New Deal to try and reform the country
* 1937 : unemployment declining and production rising as a result of Keynesian economics
* Roosevelt feared the governments deficits were becoming too large, so he reversed it and unemployment started to grow again

as trade declined, _________

strict tariffs and taxes on imports to promote domestic jobs and production

Japan’s solution to the depression

* devalue currency and make Japanese-made products less expensive than imports
* overseas expansion increased the need for military supplies and stimulated the economy

political revolutions in Russia

* promised “peace, land, and bread” but there was the civil war (1918-1921) and widespread starvation
* workers went on strike and peasant farmers hoarded food
* 1921 Lenin’s New Economic Plan allowed private trade and farmers could sell some of their food
* stopped when Lenin died in 1924

stalin and russia

* 7 yrs after Lenin’s death, he took control of the Politburo, which was the central organization of the Communists


* became dictator for \~30 yrs
* introduced 5 year plan to change the USSR into an industrial power to catch up to imperial country
* collectivized agriculture and made farmers pay agricultural quotas (which led to starvation)
* increased military power

political revolutions in mexico

* institutional revolutionary party (PRI)
* 1930s land reform led by Lazaro Cardenas
* nationalised the country’s oil industry that was previously foreign owned in 1938
* the company PEMEX became the second largest state-owned company in the world

fascism

appealed to nationalism, praised the military/armed struggle while suppressing other political parties or any call for change. these governments often blamed minorities for problems (ex: Armenian genocide)

rise of fascism in italy

* Benito Mussolini started the movement and created the word fascism
* government had corporatism
* creating a totalitarian state where the government controls all aspects of society

corporatism

the sectors of the economy (ex: employers and trade unions) are seen as separate organs of the same body that has free will to organize itself but it must support the whole

Mussolini taking control of Italy

* bitterness because Italy hadn’t gained the territory they were promised
* fascist party eventually took control of parliament and Mussolini became a dictator
* belief that there was a need to conquer inferior nations → 1934: Mussolini called for complete conquest of Abyssinia, defying the League of Nations

what destroyed the League of Nations credibility?

Mussolini called for complete conquest of Abyssinia in 1934, defying the League of Nations and they did nothing to stop it

what year did Mussolini and hitler form an alliance?

1936

fascism in spain

* 1931 Spanish Republic was formed after King Alfonso VIII abdicated
* 1936 the Popular Front (left wing ideas) was elected to lead the government
* wanted land reform, which was opposed by the Church and the higher class
* in july, there was a military uprising against the Popular Front in Morocco

Spanish civil war

* movement led by Francisco Franco, called the Nationalists (on the opposing side they were called the Republicans/Loyalists)
* Germany, Italy and Portugal sent supplies to them
* Britain, Soviet and US sent volunteers for aid

guernica

* German and Italian bombing of a town in the Basque region was the first to target civilians
* military exercises of the air force, Luftwaffe
* pictured in Pablo Picasso’s painting

Franco’s victory in the Spanish civil war

* the civil war lasted from 1936-1939
* he ruled spain as a dictator until he died in 1975
* Spain didn’t get involved in WWII but it did aid Germany, Italy and Japan a bit

political changes in Brazil

* large landowners controlled the economy
* workers’ suffering → 1930 coup which made Getulio Vargas president
* installed pro-industrial policies that we like Mussolini
* Estado Novo program censored the press and abolished other political parties while imprisoning his opponents
* political alignment with the Allies made Brazil look like less of a dictatorship

examples of nationalism growing in colonies

May 4th movement in China and Indian National Congress

effects of WWI

* war materials and food supplied by the US, which benefited their economy
* economically and physically devastated Europe

effects of WWI on colonial holdings

* hope for independence from mother countries
* showed colonies that imperial countries are not invincible
* local rebellions
* nov 1915 and sept 1916 large groups of villages rebelled in french west africa, but the French shut it down but made them realize they have responsibility for the people they colonize
* rejection of Vietnamese nationalists at the peace conference → stronger movements for self-rule