ap world unit 3.1

gunpowder empires

large multiethnic states in southwest, central asia and south asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

who were the four gunpowder empires?

russia, the ottoman, the safavid, and the mughal empires.

why did the gunpowder empires craft artist and architectural legacies?

to reflect the legitimacy of rulers.

what did europe's expansion involve that was unique from the gunpowder empires?

a wider exchange of network than that which spread gunpowder; transoceanic connections with the americas.

what is significant about the year 1450?

signified the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the early modern period.

what events signal the beginning of the early modern period?

the end of the wave of plagues, the end of the hundred years war between france and england, and the invention of gutenberg printing press followed by increase in literacy.

monarchies in europe in 1450 wanted to control:;

to centralize power by controlling the army and many aspects of religion.

which social class was becoming more powerful in europe?

the middle class

which two regions was russia influenced by?

europe and mongol

how did ivan iv extend the border of russia eastward?

also known as ivan the terrible and first took control of the khanates of kazan, astrakhan, and siberia held by the descendants of golden horde, the mongolian conquerors.

what did russia's expansion depend on?

the use of gunpowder

what were the cossacks and what did they do?

they were bands of fierce peasant warriors that fought the local tribes and the siberian khan

volga river

flows into caspian sea and was controlled by the stroganor forces

why did russia wanted to control the volga river?

since by possessing this outlet to the sea, moscow could trade directly with persia and ottoman empire without having to deal with the strong forces of the crimean tartars.

what religion did russian missionaries wanted to convert siberian tribes to?

to the eastern orthodox faith

where did the russian empire extend to by 1639?

had advanced east as far as the pacific ocean

the ming dynasty was established after the mongols were pushed out of china. what was the result of the ming dynasty.

managed to stabilize the east region for nearly 300 years

who established the qing dynasty?

a powerful manchu from neighboring manchuria

what caused china to rebuild the great wall of china for protection?

the renewed mongol power

what was significant about emperor kangxi's rule and what regions did he incorporate into china's rule?

presided a period of stability and expansion.

- incorporated taiwan, mongolia, and central asia

what was notable about emperor qianlong's rule?

- country was well administered and government tax collections were high.

- he initiated military campaigns in lands west of china, leading to annexation of xinjiang accompanied by mass killings of the local population.

were the following expansion efforts by china successful or unsucessful; tibet, burma, and vietnam?

tibet: successful

burma: unsuccessful

vietnam: unsuccessful

what was the results of these efforts to expand?

because of the unsuccessful expansion, resulted in emptying the empires treasury

describe the late years of emperor qianlong's reign?

the traditionally efficient chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, placing high taxes on the people

yuan dynasty overthrown...

the ming dynasty

why was the white lotus society reinstated?

restored due to high taxes and desire to restore the ming dynasty

what was the result of their uprising? (white lotus)

the qing government suppressed the uprising brutally, killing around 100,000 peasants.

what did gunpower empires have in common?

- they relied on gunpowder weapons like artillery and canons

- spoke turkic language

- descended from the turkic nomads who once lived in central asia

what made the gunpowder empires successful?

of their own military along with the weakness and corruption of the regimes that they replaced

who was tamerlane and where did he conquer?

timur the lame, a mongol-turkic ruler of the late 14th century and he invaded central asia and middle east.

how did ghazi ideal help the gunpowder empires grow?

served as the model for warriors who participated in the rise of gunpowder empires and it was also a model that fit tamerlane well.

ghazi ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for islam

conquests led by the gunpowder empires were marked by what?

marked by violence resulted in new dynasties; the ottomans, the safavids, and the mughals

how did tamerlane encourage art?

he advocated literature and he himself corresponded with european rulers and wrote his own memoirs.

tamerlane's invasions were a testament to what?

the significance of gunpowders

tamerlane's government depended on what?

upon his military and the heavy use of artillery

how did tamerlane fail?

without effective government, the expenses of the war eventually ravaged the empire's economy.

which two major forces would continue to battle with each other in the 14th century?

mongols from the northeast and the islamic forces from arabia and areas around the mediterranean.

where was the ottoman empire located?

extends into modern-day turkey as well as the balkan areas of europe and parts of north africa and southeast asia.

why is the ottoman empire significant?

since it is the largest and most enduring of the great islamic empires of this period.

under mehmed 11, where was the capital city of the ottoman empire?

constantinople or istanbul

what was the ottoman relationship with venice?

he tried to counter the power of venice and conquer it but it was unsuccessful. he forced the city to pay him a yearly tax.

why was sulman i's siege of venice significant?

their ability to send troops so far into christian europe caused great fear there

what led to the eventual fall of the ottoman empire in 1922?

challenges in defending the ottoman empire from foreign invasion and occupation led to the ottoman defeat and dissolution.

what was the origin of the safavid empire?

established in the northern azerbaijan region (iran)

two problems the safavid empire faced

- did not have a real navy

- lacked natural defenses

how did europe assist the safavid empire?

abbas imported weaponry from europe and also relied on europeans to advise his troops about this newly acquired military technology

safavids shahs controlled what two things?

religion and politics

shah

king or emperor

what to things caused tension between the safavid and the ottoman empires?

- using shi'a islam as a unifying force; shi'a islam built a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to the sunni.

- control of overland trade routes

how did the ottomans tried to assert dominance over the safavid empire?

used trade embargoes, consistently against the safavid silk traders as a way to assert dominance over their eastern revials.

describe the place of women in the safavid empire:

- rarely mentioned

- permitted to participate in their societies

- were veiled and restricted in their movements

- they had access to rights provided by islamic law for inheritance i divorce

what was significant about the mughal empire?

one of the richest and ebst governed states in the world

what was the role of arab traders in the mughal empire?

they conducted most of the commerce

what goods were imported and exported in the mughal empire?

imported: textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones

exported: gold and silver

what were the hindu castes?

social groupings that divided hindu people in 4 categories; brahmins, kshatriyas, raishyas, and the shadras.

why is the architecture of mughal empire significant?

they are the remaining testaments to the wealth and sophistication of the mughal empire.

shah abbas i

called abbas the great presided over the safavid empire at its height

akbar

babur's grandson achieved grand religious and political goals ( mughal was the best under him)

why did the gunpowder empires decline?

as the islamic empires did not modernize, russia remained powerful enough to survive as an independent nation-state while the others fell

why did russia remain despite the other gunpowder empires falling?

since it was powerful enough to survive as an independent nation-state

why the ottoman empire eventually fell?

british and french involvement in the ottoman terrioties, greece's independence, and the russian expansion in the 19th century weakening this empire.

what were "harem politics" and how did they contribute to the fall of the ottoman empire?

- the effort of the wives and concubines of the sultan to promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne. contributed to the fall because some women became more powerful behind the scenes.

why the safavid empire declined?

since the ottomans and russians siezed the territories and took advantage of the weakened safavids.

why the mughal empire declined?

after aurangzeh's death, the empire grew unstable and this allowed british and french to gain more and more economic power.