pop + env

population density

average number of people living in a specified area, km^2

population distribution

the pattern of where people live, considered at all scaled from local to global, in an area or country

malnutrition

when a person's diet doesn't contain the right amount of nutrients

undernourishment

when a person's food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements

over nutrition

when a person's diet contains too many nutrients

% of undernourishment statistic (HIC's)

5%

% of undernourishment statistic (LIC's)

25%

% of world undernourished (2019)

9%

asylum seeker

a person that fled their country due to war etc. not legally

refugee

a person that fled their country due to war etc. legally recognised and given more help/assistance

female infanticide

killing of female babies which leads to more men then women in the population, therefore causing a population decrease eg. in China

factors affecting population change

natural disasters, birth/death rates, choices/trends, war, education/healthcare/religion -> contraception, child policies population age

countries with aging populations

Japan, UK and Italy

affect of climate on physical environment

rainfall, temperatures (crops need a certain one), wind velocity, solar insolation (amount of sun), climate can affect disease eg. malaria

affect of soils on physical environment

soil structure/texture/acidity, nutrition content, influences type of farming used, use of fertilisers/pesticides, may be prone to hazards

affect of resources on physical environment

water supply, food supply, ability to make shelters, mineral supplies, fuels

__% of global water use is for irrigation

69

__% of Egypt’s population live within ___ miles of the River Nile

95

12

how water supply affects physical environment

mainly used for irrigation, sanitation, hygiene and industrial processes

depleted

run out

zero waste San Francisco

2003 released goal to be zero waste by 2020

using reuse, recovery and prevention

clarified best before labelling on products

bread and brewery waste used for animal feed

circular system - eliminates waster + reuses resources

in 2003, ___% of San Francisco’s waster from landfill was diverted

52

2007 Greasecycle Program

cooking fat/oil/grease collected from restaurant kitchens then sold to manufacturers to produce valuable biodiesel

monthly mean temperature in tropical monsoon climate

18 degrees celsius

winter months in tropical monsoon climate

N/NE dry winds that create dry season causing winter drought

summer months in tropical monsoon climate

SE winds over Indian ocean that are hot and wet which cause heavy rainfall and a hot climate

distribution of tropical monsoon climate

located within the tropics and subtropics in countries within Central/South America, Central Africa and South/Southeast Asia

% of world's population affected by tropical monsoon climate

over 60% of the world's population live in areas affected by the tropical monsoon climate

impacts of tropical monsoon climate on food

long dry seasons, short wet seasons = extremely harmful to growth of crops. This affects farmer livelihoods and affects the food supplies

tropical monsoon climate case study

2014 monsoon cause nearly 300 people to die in Pakistan and India mostly due to flooding causing landslides

reasons why people live in areas affected by monsoons

the land created after a monsoons has many opportunities in farming and better food security which can lead to overpopulation in some areas

affect of urbanisation in urban areas

urbanisation has massively contributed to overpopulation in urban areas which has caused poor quality of life

how countries affected by tropical monsoon climate adapt

Asia has paddy fields that become waterlogged during rain seasons which is perfect for the growth of semiaquatic rice

The rain can also contribute towards flat lands

These has led to commercial rice fields using irrigation which increase employment and improves the economy

how climate change affects agriculture in tropical monsoon climate

climate change is increasing rainfall and temperatures which

can lead to increased flooding during the wet season

eradicates crops as they become swept up in the flood and reduce agriculture in that area

Hot temperatures may also cause droughts during dry season which will eliminate crop growth and affect agriculture

distribution of polar climates

Arctic, Antarctic, Northern Canada, Greenland and Russia

characteristics of polar climates

permafrost over the land - permanent cover of glacial ice and snow which freezes the lane from the surface downwards

conditions during winter in polar climates

long, intensely cold winters with temperatures of below 40 degrees celsius and very strong winds

how much of the population live within polar climates

approximately 13.1 million

distribution of the population within polar climates

spread across 8 countries, each having less than 4 people per km²

reasons for population increasing in polar regions

in the 20th century, healthcare of indigenous populations improved

discovery of natural resources

how the climate of polar regions affect human activities

permafrost makes it difficult to build buildings and infrastructure as the surface will easily crack - can also melt when temperatures rise and fall

peoples clothing must be suitable for the temperature

occupations are limited to oil, gas, fishing and tourism

how the climate change affects agriculture in polar climate

productivity is low due to harsh climate

soil is poor so most food comes from meat/fish instead of crops

global warming means temps increase which melts ice and increases arable land

changes human activities as the population are forced to switch to arable farming

negative impacts on the environment from increased population growth + development

• increased climate changes and more extreme temperatures

• floods, droughts, sea level rises

• water/land/air pollution

• ozone depletion

• depletion of finite natural resources

• damage to wildlife and habitats → increased extinction rates

around __% of the global population are employed directly/indirectly in food production

28

agricultural system

• inputs - human, physical or economic

• processes - farming methods (arable or pastoral)

• outputs - useful or losses

• productivity - measures economic performance of agriculture

how productivity of an agricultural system is measured

• by yield

• by total factor productivity

total factor productivity

• takes into accounts inputs (land/labour/capital/resources) in farm production

• compares then with total outputs (crops and livestock)

• if total output is growing faster than total inputs → improvement in TFP

ways TFP increase

• higher yielding

• disease resistant crop varieties

• better animal care + disease management practices

agricultural system - human inputs

• farming machinery - maintenance and harvesting

• fertilisers and pesticides

• seeds and livestock

• labour

• land ownership

agricultural system - physical inputs

• climatic factors - sun/rain/temp

• soil - mineral content, saturation

• location - altitude/relief

• pollination

arable farming

• planting seeds

• tending to land

• harvesting

• weeding

• sowing

• fertilisers/pesticides

pastoral farming

• tending to livestock

• breeding

• collecting produce

agricultural system - useful outputs

• crops (fruit/veg/cotton)

• animal produce (meat/eggs)

• livestock

agricultural system - losses

• soil erosion/leaching of soil nutrients

• poorly stored crops

• waste eg. manure

• losses in natural disasters - droughts/floods

Agricultural Systems - Thanet Earth, Kent

• greenhouses + hydroponics

• developed/industrial

• can create ideal conditions for growth

• creates a controlled environment

• uses lower amounts of fertilisers/pesticides

• uses a lot of energy

Thanet Earth produces __ million tomatoes and __million cucumbers each year

225

13

Agricultural Systems - Millbeck Farm, Lake District

• no complex technology

• livestock is sheep

• uses hilly environment

• more vulnerable to weather change

zonal soil

mature soils reflecting climatic conditions and associated vegetation

intrazonal soil

reflecting the dominance of other factors, eg characteristics of the parent rock

azonal soil

generally immature and skeletal, with poorly developed profiles

tropical red latosol characteristics

• five degrees either side of the equator - tropical rainforest biome

• high production in surface vegetation results in thick top horizon as there’s lots of leaf litter

• it decomposes quickly into humus → nutrients absorbed rapidly by forest vegetation → thin fertile layer

• fast nutrient cycle

• leaching occurs downwards through the soil due to rainfall>evapotranspiration rates - iron compounds left behind = red colour

• built up minerals in base layer forms clay like horizon

tropical red latosol human activity

• crop growth difficult due to short lived nutrient supply

• indigenous populations use sustainable farming practices (slash/burn, new plot each season)

• deforestation leaves soil exposed to heavy rainfall, increasing leaching + further reducing nutrient levels

• increased competition for land use

reasons for increasing competitions for land use in tropical rainforests

• urban growth

• cattle ranching

• cash crop planting eg palm oil

• hardwood timber for building

• laterite clay makes good building material

• mineral exploitation

slash and burn technique

only small areas of forest are burned which adds nutrients to the soil

podsol characteristics

• under coniferous woodland or moorland in taiga biomes

• large belt of land south of tundra biome - boreal zone

• surface layer of pone needles from coniferous trees

• narrow + acidic sub surface horizon - evergreens dont take up minerals so fallen needs are nutrient poor

• precipitation>evapotranspiration due to cool temps → water surplus infiltrates + percolates downwards

• leaches nutrients and creates pale horizon of sand and silt

• leached minerals accumulate above bedrock in browny-red layer, topped ‘hard pan’ of deposited iron and aluminium

podsol human activity

• limited crop growth due to acidic soils and lack of nutrients

• arable farming possible in some locations

• hard pan layer stops water draining away so waterlogged soils are frequent → makes ploughing with heavy machinery difficult

• forestry is dominated by industry in North American and north eurasian taiga

• low soil temps mean trees can take up to 100 years to reach maturity

• extensive commercial logging has deforested large areas of taiga at unsustainable rates

usefulness of soil

• home to animals/microorganisms

• grow plants/crops - feed us

• carbon store

• land use

there are ____species of microorganisms in 1g of soil

50,000

____% of soil in Europe is unhealthy

60-70

causes of soil erosion

• deforestation + overgrazing exposes soil

• farming such as ploughing downslope can cause small streams in soil (rills)

• steep slopes - soil more likely to be washed away

• water erosion more likely after heavy rainfall

• wind erosion more likely in very dry conditions

how soil erosion affects agriculture

• soil less fertile as nutrients are removed

• soil’s ability to retain water reduced

• rills - makes cultivations of paddock impossible

• lower yields + higher production costs

• land abandoned due to low crop productivity

management of soil erosion

• afforestation - allows roots to stabilise soil + return leaf litter nutrients

• fertilisers added to soils - improve nutrient content

• rotate crops - allows soil to recover before planting again

• natural wind breakers eg. hedge

causes of water logging

• impermeable soils have few pores eg. clay

• heavy rainfall in areas where it exceeds evapotranspiration

• over-irrigation

• hard pans can stop percolation → creates impermeable layer

how waterlogging affects agriculture

• clay formed under surface of waterlogged soils → leads to soil infertility

• rotting of plant roots

• weeds outgrow crops (survive waterlogged conditions better)

• reduced soil temperature → slower crop growth

management of waterlogging

• improving field drainage

• sustainable irrigation systems

• add sand to clay soils → increases pore spaces

natural causes of salinisation

• high temp + low precipitation → high rates of evapotranspiration → salt left on ground surface

• sea level rise → draw salt up into soil in coastal areas

human causes of salinisation

• over-abstraction of groundwater for irrigation → saltwater intrusion

• over-irrigation of water containing dissolved salts

• fertiliser containing salts, left in soil

how salinisation affects agriculture

• decreases osmotic potential of soil → plants can’t get required water

• pea + bean crops particularly vulnerable

management of salinisation

• drip-irrigation + soil moisture monitoring

• deep-rooted crops to increase water retention

• soil flushing with water

• use fertilisers with low salt content

• same strategies as waterlogging

causes of structural deterioration

• removal of vegetation → no roots to support soil

• soil compaction from heavy farm machinery + livestock trampling

• salt in soil → clumping of soil particles

how structural deterioration affects agriculture

• no space in soil for infiltration → crops dry out quickly

• plant roots can’t grow through compacted soil (need air)

• farmers can’t plough through soil if compacted

management of structural deterioration

• avoid use of heavy machinery

• move livestock around → avoid compaction

• more organic matter into soil → encourages it to aggregate together, increasing pore spaces