Advanced Psychopathology Across the Lifespan

What is the scientific study of psychological disorders called?

Psychopathology

According to the lecture, what is the primary goal of parsing the umbrella of psychological abnormality into homogenous categories?

To create clinically meaningful categories.

Which historical figure is associated with the phrase "carve nature at its joints" regarding disease entities?

Emil Kraepelin

Karl Jaspers argued that in a psychiatric assessment, except in cases of well-known cerebral changes, _____ is the least relevant factor.

Diagnosis

Contrast Kraepelin and Jaspers regarding the focus of investigation; while Kraepelin sought disease entities, Jaspers focused on the _____ versus the essence of mental illness.

Particulars

The Neo-Kraepelinian school expanded Kraepelin's nosology to include conditions beyond the major _____.

Psychoses

What criticism is leveled against the Neo-Kraepelinian tendency to designate many new disorders as existing?

Nosologomania

According to the Neo-Kraepelinian view, what two factors play significant roles in validating a diagnosis?

Case follow-up and family history.

The Neo-Kraepelinian school rejected the _____ position that every psychiatric illness is unique to the individual.

Psychoanalytic

What set of criteria, proposed after reviewing a thousand articles, suggested that "classification is diagnosis"?

Feighner criteria

According to the Feighner criteria, how should marked differences in outcome be regarded in relation to the original diagnosis?

As a challenge to its validity.

Critics of the Feighner criteria often refer to its specific diagnostic requirements as a _____ approach.

Chinese menu

In Gerald Klerman's nine-point credo, psychiatry is considered a branch of _____.

Medicine

According to Klerman, what kind of boundary exists between the "normal" and the "sick"?

A discrete boundary.

Klerman's credo asserts that the focus of psychiatric physicians should be particularly on the _____ aspects of mental illness.

Biological

Term: Nosology

The branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases.

Which model of abnormality equates a disorder with statistical rarity?

Statistical model

The _____ model of abnormality defines a disorder as a biological or evolutionary disadvantage to the person.

Biological

What is the Essentialist view of mental disorders?

The belief that disorders share an underlying essence or property that ties them together.

What is the Nominalist view regarding the concept of "disorder"?

It is a social construction.

Which version of the DSM was published in 1952 and was only 132 pages long?

DSM-I

DSM-III introduced _____ diagnostic criteria, moving away from the narrative descriptions of previous editions.

Operationalized

What approach did DSM-III and DSM-IV use that was subsequently removed in DSM-5?

Multiaxial approach

DSM-III was characterized by _____ agnosticism, meaning it focused on description rather than etiology.

Theoretical

In DSM-5, the age of onset for ADHD was increased from 7 years to _____ years.

12

What controversial exclusion for the diagnosis of Major Depression was removed in the DSM-5?

Bereavement criterion

A major criticism of DSM-5 is its unsupported retention of a _____ model, especially regarding personality disorders.

Categorical

What term describes the concern that DSM-5 lowered diagnostic thresholds, turning normal behaviors into pathologies?

Medicalization of normality

The DSM-5 diagnosis "Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder" is criticized as being a medicalization of _____.

Temper tantrums

In DSM-5, the diagnosis of "Gender Identity Disorder" was changed to _____.

Gender Dysphoria

What term refers to the expansion of diagnostic concepts over time, such as the widening definition of trauma?

Conceptual bracket creep

Which diagnosis from DSM-IV was folded into "Autism Spectrum Disorder" in DSM-5?

Asperger's disorder

The _____ effect in Work Groups can lead to more extreme diagnostic decisions during the DSM revision process.

Group polarization

What ethical principle, meaning "first, do no harm," should guide new iterations of the DSM?

Primum non nocere

Which new diagnosis was introduced in the DSM-5-TR (2022)?

Prolonged grief disorder

What is the primary problem with classifying psychiatric disorders based solely on signs and symptoms, using the "fever" analogy?

Lumping individuals with superficial similarities despite potentially different underlying causes.

What does the acronym RDoC stand for?

Research Domain Criteria

Unlike the categorical DSM, RDoC embraces a _____ system for classification.

Dimensional

RDoC is informed by the study of _____, which are markers of mental disorders lying "beneath the skin."

Endophenotypes

In the RDoC matrix, what are the five primary Domains of analysis?

Negative Valence, Positive Valence, Cognitive, Social Processes, and Arousal/Modulatory Systems.

A study by Hack et al. (2023) used RDoC to identify a _____ biotype of depressed patients who had lower remission rates.

Cognitive

Lilienfeld (2014) criticized RDoC for an overemphasis on _____ units and measures.

Biological

What is the full name of the HiTOP alternative to psychiatric classification?

Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology

The HiTOP model organizes psychopathology into a hierarchy, starting from specific signs and symptoms up to a _____ factor.

General Psychopathology

Which classification alternative is modeled after oncology and suggests intervening proportionally based on disease progression?

Clinical Staging

According to Robins and Guze (1970), what is the first phase of establishing diagnostic validity?

Clinical description

In the Robins and Guze framework, Phase 3 of diagnostic validity is the _____ from other disorders.

Delimitation

What type of validity assesses how well diagnostic criteria cover all relevant parts of the construct?

Content validity

_____ validity is the degree to which a diagnosis accurately measures the outcome it was designed to measure.

Criterion-related

What are the two subtypes of criterion-related validity?

Predictive validity and concurrent validity.

_____ validity measures the extent to which a diagnosis accurately assesses the underlying concept it is supposed to.

Construct

Within construct validity, _____ validity refers to how well a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct.

Convergent

Within construct validity, _____ validity refers to how well a measure does NOT correlate with measures of different constructs.

Discriminant

What is an "operational definition" in psychopathology?

The specific, concrete, and replicable way a construct is represented or measured.

Though categorical, DSM-5 expanded the use of course, descriptive, and _____ specifiers to move toward dimensionality.

Severity

The lecture poses a question about which is more effective: Clinical judgment or _____ judgment?

Actuarial

What was the specific focus of Kraepelin's original nosology?

Major psychoses (Dementia praecox and Manic-depressive insanity).

According to Jaspers, what should ideally emerge from a psychiatric investigation instead of a diagnostic label?

A process of analysis.

What specific statistical technique is advocated by Klerman's credo for improving diagnostic reliability?

Statistical techniques (unspecified, used in research efforts).

How does a diagnosis assist in nosology?

It allows for the systematic arrangement of conditions in relation to one another.

Robins and Guze (1970) suggested that a diagnosis is a tool that helps researchers _____.

Learn new things.

The "Dysfunction" model of abnormality focuses on the failure of internal mechanisms to perform their _____.

Evolved functions

Describe the length of DSM-II compared to DSM-I.

It was similar in approach and scope.

What term describes the DSM-III practice of using algorithms or decision rules for making a diagnosis?

Decision rules

What was a major reason given for the controversy surrounding the retention of the categorical model for personality disorders in DSM-5?

It was considered unsupported (vs. a dimensional model).

Extensive _____ in DSM-5 suggests that categorical systems might be attaching multiple labels to a single underlying dimensional condition.

Comorbidity

The DSM-5 task force originally intended to move toward a classification system based on _____.

Etiology (or Biology)

According to the DSM-5-TR, where did most of the updates occur if the diagnostic criteria remained largely the same?

Prevalence, risk/prognostic factors, and culture/gender-related issues.

What are "Markers" of mental disorders that lie beneath the surface, such as smooth pursuit eye movement, called?

Endophenotypes

In the Hack et al. (2023) study, which two cognitive domains were impaired in the "cognitive biotype" of depression?

Executive function and response inhibition.

One criticism of RDoC is its neglect of _____ error in measurement.

Psychometric (or Measurement)

Clinical staging in psychopathology aims to reduce the risk of _____ of the disease through early intervention.

Extension

Which phase of Robins and Guze's validity framework involves using family studies to validate a diagnosis?

Phase 5

Phase 2 of the Robins and Guze validity framework involves searching for _____ findings.

Laboratory

The "Subjective distress" model of abnormality defines disorder based on the _____.

Individual's internal experience of suffering.

What cognitive bias involves the tendency to search for information that supports one's prior beliefs during the diagnostic process?

Confirmation bias

Concept: Nominalist View

Definition: The perspective that diagnostic categories are social constructions rather than naturally occurring entities.

Process: Establishing Diagnostic Validity (Phase 4)

Action: Conduct a follow-up study to see if the diagnosis remains stable over time.

How does the provided text define 'culture'?

A group's particular interpretative system, including their understanding of mind/body functioning, healing traditions, religion, and social/economic structures.

Which axis of the DSM-IV allowed for the inclusion of cultural considerations and psychosocial stressors?

Axis IV

What was the unintentional effect of deleting Axis IV in the DSM-5?

It deemphasized psychosocial stressors that disproportionately affect cultural minorities.

What is the primary focus of the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)?

Individual experience and social context.

In the DSM-5, what term replaced 'culture-bound syndromes'?

Cultural concepts of distress

Term: Cultural syndromes

Definition: Clusters of symptoms and attributions that tend to co-occur in individuals of a specific cultural group.

Term: Cultural idioms of distress

Definition: Collective, shared ways of experiencing and talking about personal or social concerns.

How are 'cultural explanations of distress' defined?

Perceived causes or meanings provided for symptoms within a specific culture.

What is a culture-related diagnostic feature of Social Anxiety Disorder mentioned in the text?

The belief that one's gaze upsets others, causing them to look away.

In the CFI, what is the 'Explanatory Model' used to elicit?

The individual's view of core problems and their own way of understanding the problem.

According to the CFI, what should a clinician do if a patient mentions only medical diagnoses or symptoms as their problem?

Probe for how the individual would describe the problem in their own way.

Which section of the CFI asks: 'Why do you think this is happening to you?'

Cultural Perceptions of Cause, Context, and Support.

What are the two sub-categories of 'Cultural Perceptions of Cause, Context, and Support' in the CFI?

Causes; Stressors and Supports.

In the CFI, what is the goal of asking about 'Stressors and Supports'?

To elicit information on the individual's life context, focusing on resources, social supports, resilience, and environment.

What specific aspect of identity does the CFI probe for when asking about clinical worsening?

Discrimination (e.g., due to migration status, race/ethnicity, or sexual orientation).

Which CFI section explores 'conflict across generations or due to gender roles'?

Role of Cultural Identity

The CFI section 'Cultural Factors Affecting Self-Coping and Past Help Seeking' includes which three sub-topics?

Self-Coping, Past Help Seeking, and Barriers.

In the CFI, what does 'Self-Coping' refer to?

What the individual has done on their own to deal with or cope with the problem.

What are examples of 'Past Help Seeking' sources mentioned in the CFI?

Medical care, support groups, folk healing, religious/spiritual counseling, or alternative healing.

What are examples of 'Barriers' to help seeking in the CFI?

Money, work/family commitments, stigma, discrimination, or lack of services in the patient's language.

Which CFI section addresses perceived racism or language barriers between the doctor and patient?

Clinician-Patient Relationship

Term: Stigma

Definition: A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.