X-Sectional Midterm (2)

What type of view are we observing the COW at?

axial

What type of view are we observing the COW at?

coronal

What type of view are we observing the COW at?

sagittal

Where is the abdominal cavity located?

between diaphragm and sacral promontory

What is the abdomen and pelvic cavities divided into?

4 quadrants, 9 regions

What thin membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

peritoneum

What is the outermost layer of the peritoneum called?

parietal

What is the innermost layer of the peritoneum called?

visceral

What does the peritoneum enclose?

liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, ovaries, majority of intestines

What does the female peritoneal cavity connect to?

exterior of reproductive system (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)

Is the male peritoneum open or closed?

closed

What muscle of the abdominal wall flexes the trunk, flexes the L-spine and supports the abdomen?

rectus abdominis

What two muscles of the abdominal wall compresses abdominal tissue and flexes/rotates the spine?

external and internal oblique

What band of fibers serves as the central anterior attachment for the internal and external oblique muscles?

linea alba

What muscle of the abdominal wall compresses abdominal tissue?

transverse abdominis

What muscle of the abdominal wall is involved with the lateral flexion of the trunk and flexion of the hip/thigh?

psoas major

What muscle of the abdominal wall is involved with the lateral flexion of the spine?

quadratus lumborum

What 4 lobes is the liver divided into?

L, R, caudate, quadrate

What organ is divided into 4 lobes?

liver

What defines the entry/exit point in the liver for vessels?

porta hepatis

Where is the porta hepatis located?

inferomedial border of liver

What divides the left lobe of the liver into medial and lateral segments?

fissure for round ligament

What divides the caudate and left lobe of the liver?

fissure for ligamentum venosum

What holds the horizontal portions of the R and L portal veins within the liver?

transverse fissure

What is another name for the transverse fissure?

portal fissure

What serves as an imaginary line dividing the R and L lobes of the liver?

interlobar fissure

What is another name for the interlobar fissure?

main lobar fissure

What divides the liver into R and L lobes?

falciform ligament

What does the liver produce and excrete?

bile

What is the function of bile?

break down fatty acids

Besides bile, what other substances does the liver excrete?

bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, drugs

What does the liver metabolize?

fats, proteins, carbohydrates

What does the liver convert excess glucose into?

glycogen (chains of glucose)

What does the liver store?

vitamin B12, ion/copper, other vitamins

What type of proteins does the liver produce?

meant for blood plasma (albumin; clotting)

What term defines the cleaning of blood from drugs and poisonous substances?

detoxification

Can the liver regenerate itself?

yes

What does the common hepatic artery branch into?

R + proper/left hepatic duct

In what segments of the liver is the R hepatic vein located?

5, 6, 7

In what segments of the liver is the middle hepatic vein located?

4, 5, 8

In what segments of the liver is the L hepatic vein located?

2, 3

In what segments of the liver is the IVC located?

1

What does the stomach produce?

intrinsic factor

What is the intrinsic factor required for?

absorption of vitamin B12

Where does the stomach get blood from?

splenic + gastroduodenal arteries

How many liters of gastric juices can the average adult produce daily?

2-3

How many liters of food and digestive juices can the average stomach hold?

3

What are the digestive juices of the stomach known as?

chyme

In what position is the 1st section of the duodenum?

superior

What is the 1st section of the duodenum known for?

peptic ulcer formation

In what position is the 2nd section of the duodenum?

descending

In what position is the 3rd section of the duodenum?

horizontal

In what position is the 4th section of the duodenum?

ascending

What is the 2nd section of the duodenum known for?

pancreatic and biliary drainage

What is the 4th section of the duodenum connected to?

jejunum with duodenojejunal flexure

What portion of the small bowel takes the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?

jejunum

What is the ileum connected to?

cecum

How is the ileum connected to the cecum?

iliocecal valve

What is the longest portion of the small bowel?

ileum

What is the small bowel divided into?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What is the large bowel divided into?

cecum and colon

What section of the colon begins at the cecum juncture, raising along the R lateral abdominal wall to the level of the liver?

ascending

What section of the colon begins at the hepatic flexure and moves across the abdomen, ending at the spleen?

transverse

The transverse section of the colon is known to be what?

most mobile

What section of the colon begins at the splenic flexure, moving down along the L lateral abdominal wall and ending at the iliac fossa?

descending

What section of the colon connects to the rectum (in pelvic area)?

sigmoid

What are the major functions of the large bowel?

reabsorption of water, storage and elimination of poop

What does the endocrine function of the pancreas entail?

production of insulin and glucagon

What does the exocrine function of the pancreas entail?

production of digestive enzymes

For the production line of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, what would the first stop be?

main pancreatic duct

For the production line of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, what would the second stop be?

ampulla of Vater

For the production line of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, what would the third stop be?

Sphincter of Oddi

What is the main pancreatic duct also known as?

duct of Wirsung

For the production line of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, what would the last stop be?

duodenum

What portion of the pancreas is superior to its head?

tail

What leads to the Sphincter of Oddi?

common bile duct

What part of the adrenal glands produces cortisol and other hormones?

cortex

What does the cortex of the adrenal glands help control?

body’s use of fats and carbohydrates, influencing the immune system

What part of the adrenal glands produces epinephrine?

medulla

What does epinephrine do?

increase heart rate, facilitate blood flow to muscles and brain

What arteries does the medulla of the adrenal glands receive blood from?

superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into?

IVC

What do the kidneys produce and release?

erythropoietin

What does erythropoietin do?

stimulate bones to make RBC and vitamin D, maintaining calcium absorption

What anatomical objects are found in the renal cortex?

nephrons with glomerulus, convoluted tubules

What is the function of the renal cortex?

filtration of urine

What anatomical objects are found in the renal medulla

renal pyramids with loops of Henle, collecting tubules

How many minor calyces does each kidney have?

7-14

How many major calyces does each kidney have?

2-3

What is the renal pelvis composed of?

major calyces

What are major calyces made of?

merged minor calyces

What does the renal pelvis connect to?

ureter

What is the kidney surrounded by to cushion and protect itself?

fat

What element does the spleen store?

iron

What does the spleen produce?

white blood cells

What are regions of the hip bone?

ilium, ischium, pubic

What types of pelvic muscles are there?

extrapelvic, pelvic wall, pelvic floor/diaphragm

What does the prefix “para” mean?

near

What does the prefix “peri” mean?

surrounding

What does the prefix “retro” mean?

behind