Bio 1 Midterm

How do heterotrophs get the energy they need?

by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy

What starts the whole photosynthesis reaction?

Light hitting photosystem 1

Which structure in the figure represents a single thylakoid?

Structure C

Which structure in the figure represents stroma

Structure A

Which organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into?

Oxygen and glucose

Light-dependent reactions take place in the ___ while the-independent reaction takes place in the ___ ?

Thylakoid membrane, stroma

In the calvin cycle one of the products is a 3 carbon molecule. What is that called?

Glucose

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

Calvin Cycle

What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?

Mitochondria

Where is the site for the Krebs cycle?

Mitochondria Matrix

Where is the site for the electron transport chain?

Inner mitochondria matrix

Which of these are a product of cellular respiration?

Water

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

2 ATP molecules

The molecule that starts the Glycolysis reaction?

Glucose

Cellular Respiration in the presence of oxygen is called

aerobic respiration

The chemical formula of cellular respiration is?

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

The krebs cycle starts with

Pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide

If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by

Fermentation

At the end of cellular respiration approximately ____ ATP are produced

38 ATP molecules

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?

Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in ___ cells and produces ___.

Humans, lactic acid and NAD+

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in ___ cells and produces ___.

Yeast; alcohol, CO2 and NAD+

How many phosphates does ATP have?

3 phosphates

How many phosphates does ADP have?

2 phosphates

What’s the name of this process?

Cellular Respiration

What are the 3 steps, and where do they occur?

1. Glycolysis → Cytoplasm

2. Krebs Cycle → Thylakoid Membrane

3. ETC → Inner Membrane

Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are different because dehydration synthesis removes water while hydrolysis adds it. Both of these rxns are caused by enzymes.

The ____ lactase, works specifically on the ____ lactose.

Enzyme, sugar

Which of the following is true of DNA molecules?

They are the instructions for proteins and traits

Which molecule is pictured?

Unsaturated fatty acid

Which macromolecule is used as a primary source of quick energy?

Carbohydrates

Which macromolecule is the main component of cell membranes?

Lipids

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?

Glucose

Amino acid is to protein as -

Monosaccharide is to carbohydrate

Which two molecules are made only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Lipids and carbohydrates

Lysosome

Digests food

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the nucleus

Vacuole

Stores food, water and waste

Cytoskeleton

Network of proteins that supports the cell’s shape

Golgi Apparatus

Processes and packages proteins and lipids

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Chloroplast

Carries out photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Responsible for making energy; site of cellular respiration

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

To make lipids and remove toxins

What is the function of a microtubule?

Helps to move chromosomes during cell division

What two organelles are most needed for a protein to be made and then packaged?

Rough ER and Golgi Apparatus

What two organelles are most needed for a cell to make energy?

Lysosome and Mitochondria

What two organelles are most needed for the cell to protect itself from bad bacteria?

Cell Membrane and Lysosome

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the ribosomes?

The ribosome was made in the nucleus

What is the relationship between the Golgi Apparatus and a vesicle?

The golgi body sends different nutrients in the vesicle

Which of the following is an example of an Atom?

Carbon

The smallest basic unit of matter is?

Atom

The reason plants are able to bring water molecules to the tops of trees is because the water molecules can stick to the sides of the xylem. What property of water is this describing?

Adhesion

Which of the following is an example of a compound?

Water

In a solution, the salit is considered a ____ and the water is considered a ____

Solute; Solvent

The reason that water molecules are able to stay together on the hood of a car is due to?

Cohesion

The bonds that occur between two different water molecules that keep them together are called ___

Hydrogen bonds

The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. What are the reactants?

H2O and CO2

What are the products of: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2?

C6H12O6 and O2

An organic compound always contains

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

In a complete molecule, each unit is called a ___ and when they are linked together they become a ___ .

Monomer, Polymer

Hydrolysis is the process by which

Sugar molecules can be bonded together, by removing water

When two amino acids are bonded together through dehydration synthesis, ____ .

Water is removed

A polysaccharide consists of

A chain of many repeating sugars

Bears will eat large quantities of food prior to hibernation. What macromolecule will store this energy throughout the winter?

Lipids

The head of a phospholipid is ___; whereas the tail of a phospholipid is ___ .

Hydrophilic ; Hydrophobic

True or False: A protein is not a monomer.

True

What is the function of a nucleic acid

Code for building proteins

What can alter the function of a working enzyme?

Lowering the pH and increasing the body temperature

Chemical reactions that involve water are called:

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during a ____ .

Chemical Reaction

What macromolecules are the following foods part of: Eggs, seeds, and chicken.

Protein

What are all the parts of a nucleotide?

Has a Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and is a 5 carbon sugar.

Both animal fats and plant oils are made up of glycerol and ___.

Fatty acids

There are ____ different amino acids, the human body produces ___ of them on its own.

20 , 12

The main difference between a polypeptide and a protein is that

A polypeptide has under 50 amino acids and a protein has over 50 amino acids

A disaccharide consists of two ___ .

Sugars

Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?

Speed

Enzymes that help with digestion fall under what category?

Proteins

The bonds that occur between two amino acids that keep them together are called _______.

Peptide Bonds

If a protein is changed due to heat or pH this is called _______ .

Denaturation

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on and connects with is called the _______.

Substrate

Any enzyme can work for any reaction?

False

An enzyme can only bring in one substrate at a time to break it down and not two.

True

Proteins -

CHON, Makes up enzymes

Carbohydrates -

Has the monomer of a monosaccharide

Lipids -

Responsible for insulation in animals

Nucleic Acids -

CHONP, Has the monomer of nucleotides

Enzymes -

Speeds up reactions

What are the 4 main classes of macromolecules, and their functions?

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides; giving short term energy

Lipids - Glycerol/Fatty Acid; waterproof membranes

Proteins - Amino Acids; Control cell division + metabolism

Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides; Store information

What is the name of this diagram, its importance, and what is happening in it? Pt.1

Dehydration Synthesis; It is important because it is joining two monomers to make a polymer and it’s molecule is the carbohydrate.

What is the name of this diagram, its importance, and what is happening in it? Pt.2

Hydrolysis; It’s importance is to add water. The biomolecules are Hydrogen, Carbon, and Hydrogen.

It is the night before a soccer game. What is the main biomolecule that you are going to want to eat and why?

Carbohydrates, because it gives you short term energy. So eat pasta.

What molecule is shown in the diagram?

Glycerol Molecule

What elements are in Carbohydrates?

Carbon only

What elements are in Lipids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Bears will eat large quantities of food prior to hibernation. What macromolecules will store this energy throughout the winer?

Nucleic Acids

What macromolecule surrounds the cell, serving as a layer of protection for the cell?

Lipids