Musculoskeletal System & Orthopedic Procedures Flashcards

Flashcards covering the anatomy, physiology, pathologies, and surgical procedures related to the musculoskeletal system.

What are the main functions of bones in the musculoskeletal system?

Framework, muscle attachment, organ protection, red blood cell production (marrow), calcium storage.

Give examples of the four types of bones based on their shape.

Long (femur, humerus), Short (carpals, tarsals), Flat (scapula, sternum), Sesamoid (within tendons, e.g., patella).

What are the two types of bone tissue and where are they found?

Cortical (compact): Dense, outer layer. Cancellous (spongy): Inner, at bone ends.

Name the outer covering of bone and the tissue that produces blood cells.

Periosteum (outer covering) and Bone marrow (produces blood cells).

What are the three types of joints based on their movement?

Immovable (skull), Slightly movable (spine), Freely movable (shoulder, knee).

List the different types of joint movements.

Ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle.

Name various types of fractures.

Compound, delayed union, malunion, nonunion.

What are the stages of bone healing?

Inflammation, Cellular proliferation, Callus formation, Ossification, Remodeling.

What are potential complications of fractures?

Avascular necrosis, compartment syndrome.

List common diagnostic tests used in orthopedics.

Synovial fluid analysis, X-ray, CT, MRI, bone scans, Arthroscopy, Fluoroscopy (real-time imaging using C-arm).

Give examples of basic and special equipment used in orthopedic surgeries.

Basic Sets: Soft tissue, bone instruments. Special Equipment: Pneumatic tourniquet, Traction devices, Continuous passive motion machines, TENS unit, Reamers, drills, saws, arthroscopy camera.

What are examples of implants and supplies used in orthopedic surgeries?

Screws (cortical vs cancellous), plates, rods, Sutures (absorbable barbed), PMMA (bone cement).

Name common shoulder procedures.

Shoulder arthroscopy, Bankart repair (open and arthroscopic), Acromioplasty, Total shoulder arthroplasty.

What is a procedure performed on the radius and wrist?

External fixation of Colles’ fracture.

What does ORIF stand for?

Open Reduction Internal Fixation.

Name a femoral procedure mentioned in the notes.

AO titanium femoral nail system, Percutaneous hip pinning.

What are some common knee procedures?

Knee arthroscopy (meniscus), ACL repair, Total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

What are the types of amputations mentioned?

Above-knee amputation (AKA) & Below-knee amputation (BKA).

Give examples of foot and ankle procedures.

Triple arthrodesis (fuse hindfoot joints), Achilles tendon repair, Bunionectomy.

List examples of procedures in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Orbital floor fractures, Zygomatic fractures, Le Fort fractures (midface trauma), Mandibular fractures (jaw).

What is the importance of differentiating between cortical and cancellous bone?

To choose the correct type of screws.

Where can I find more information on surgical procedures?

Review Table 21-2, 21-5, and 21-6 if provided by your textbook (Alexander’s Surgical Procedures).