Cells Test

Cell Theory

All organisms consist of cells, All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division, and Cells are the basis of life

Prokaryotic Organisms

Organisms made up of one cell (bacterial cells)

Eukaryotic Organisms

Organisms made up of more than one cell

Prokaryotic distinctive features

No nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles, DNA in a single circular chromosome

Eukaryotic distinctive features

Nucleus present & Membrane-bound organelle

Animal cells distinctive features

No cell wall, no chloroplast, no vacuole

Plant cells distinctive features

Cell wall, Chloroplast, Vacuole

Cell Wall Structure

Bilayer structure

Cell Wall Function

To provide structural support, shape, and protection

Cytoplasm Structure

A thick solution of water, salts and proteins which fills the cell

Cytoplasm function

To hold the cell’s internal components in place

Ribosomes Structure

Intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein

Ribosomes Function

To synthesise proteins in the cell

Nucleus Structure

Includes the nuclear envelope, nucleolus and nuclear matrix

Nuclear Envelope

Separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nucleolus

Spherical structure which produces the cells ribosomes

Nucleus Function

To store the cell’s DNA

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

Ribosomes and composed of many tissue folds (SA:V) for chemical reactions to take place.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

To produce proteins vital for the cell to function

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

A tubular membrane vesicles with no ribosomes present

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

To synthesize essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

Golgi Body Structure

Central intracellular and membrane-bound

Golgi Body Function

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

Mitochondrion Structure

Double-membrane bound, with outer and inner membrane which forms cristae and within the matrix

Mitochondrion Function

To generate ATP energy which is necessary for the cell’s survival

Vacuole Structure

Membrane bound sacs

Vacuoles Function

To store the cells materials

Chloroplast Structure

Large organelles with a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope

Chloroplast Function

To produce glucose and water which is used for cellular respiration

Purpose of the cell division

To produce two identical daughter cells to allow growth and repair

Prophase

Cell membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense, centrosomes become spindle fibers

Metaphase

Through the spindle fibers, the chromatids line up the cell’s midline

Telophase

The spindle fibers disappers and the nucleus begins to form

Cytokinesis

The physical process of cell division, cytoplasm is divided

Interphase

Cell Growth in G1, DNA replication in S phase, Preparation for Mitosis in G2

Binary Fission in prokaryotic cells

The process of one bacterial cell dividing into two

Equation of Photsynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ~ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Process of Photosynthesis

Sunlight is captured, using water and carbon dioxide to create glucose and oxygen used within the cell

Equation of Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O

Process of cellular respiration

The glucose synthesized from photosynthesis is used to create ATP which when broken, releases energy

Equation of Fermentation

C6H12O6 ~ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Process of Fermentation

Process which converts glucose to anaerobically release energy

Cell Membrane Structure

Fluid mosaic model made of a phospholipid bilayer with phosphate heads and lipid tails

Glycoproteins

A molecule made of proteins and carb chains

Glycolipids

Lipids with a carbohydrate, which maintain the cell membrane

Cholesterol

Ring structure, which makes the membrane thicker and impenetrable

Passive Transport

Transport which does not require energy to move substances across the cell membrane

Simple Diffusion

The process where molecules diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient (hi to low)

Facilitated Diffusion

The diffusion of solutes through carrier proteins due to charge, polarity or molecular size

Osmosis

The movement of molecules, down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration

Hypertonic Solution

Solution has higher solute concentration

Hypertonic Net movement of water

Water will move out of the cell

Isotonic Solution

Water outside the cell = Water within the cell

Isotonic net movement

No net movement of water will take place

Hypotonic Solution

Low Solute and High water concentration compared to the cell

Hypotonic Net Movement of Water

Water will move into the cell, causing it to become turgid

Active Transport

Transport of molecules across a cell membrane which requires energy

Endocytosis

The ingestion of large particles into the cell

Exocytosis

The process of moving large molecules out of the cell