Cells Test

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59 Terms

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Cell Theory

All organisms consist of cells, All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division, and Cells are the basis of life

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Prokaryotic Organisms

Organisms made up of one cell (bacterial cells)

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Eukaryotic Organisms

Organisms made up of more than one cell

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Prokaryotic distinctive features

No nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles, DNA in a single circular chromosome

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Eukaryotic distinctive features

Nucleus present & Membrane-bound organelle

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Animal cells distinctive features

No cell wall, no chloroplast, no vacuole

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Plant cells distinctive features

Cell wall, Chloroplast, Vacuole

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Cell Wall Structure

Bilayer structure

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Cell Wall Function

To provide structural support, shape, and protection

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Cytoplasm Structure

A thick solution of water, salts and proteins which fills the cell

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Cytoplasm function

To hold the cell’s internal components in place

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Ribosomes Structure

Intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein

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Ribosomes Function

To synthesise proteins in the cell

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Nucleus Structure

Includes the nuclear envelope, nucleolus and nuclear matrix

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Nuclear Envelope

Separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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Nucleolus

Spherical structure which produces the cells ribosomes

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Nucleus Function

To store the cell’s DNA

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<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure</p>

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

Ribosomes and composed of many tissue folds (SA:V) for chemical reactions to take place.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

To produce proteins vital for the cell to function

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

A tubular membrane vesicles with no ribosomes present

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

To synthesize essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

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Golgi Body Structure

Central intracellular and membrane-bound

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Golgi Body Function

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

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<p>Mitochondrion Structure</p>

Mitochondrion Structure

Double-membrane bound, with outer and inner membrane which forms cristae and within the matrix

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Mitochondrion Function

To generate ATP energy which is necessary for the cell’s survival

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Vacuole Structure

Membrane bound sacs

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Vacuoles Function

To store the cells materials

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Chloroplast Structure

Large organelles with a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope

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Chloroplast Function

To produce glucose and water which is used for cellular respiration

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Purpose of the cell division

To produce two identical daughter cells to allow growth and repair

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<p>Prophase</p>

Prophase

Cell membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense, centrosomes become spindle fibers

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<p>Metaphase</p>

Metaphase

Through the spindle fibers, the chromatids line up the cell’s midline

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<p>Telophase</p>

Telophase

The spindle fibers disappers and the nucleus begins to form

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Cytokinesis

The physical process of cell division, cytoplasm is divided

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Interphase

Cell Growth in G1, DNA replication in S phase, Preparation for Mitosis in G2

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<p>Binary Fission in prokaryotic cells</p>

Binary Fission in prokaryotic cells

The process of one bacterial cell dividing into two

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Equation of Photsynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ~ C6H12O6 + 6O2

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<p>Process of Photosynthesis</p>

Process of Photosynthesis

Sunlight is captured, using water and carbon dioxide to create glucose and oxygen used within the cell

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Equation of Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O

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Process of cellular respiration

The glucose synthesized from photosynthesis is used to create ATP which when broken, releases energy

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Equation of Fermentation

C6H12O6 ~ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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Process of Fermentation

Process which converts glucose to anaerobically release energy

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Cell Membrane Structure

Fluid mosaic model made of a phospholipid bilayer with phosphate heads and lipid tails

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Glycoproteins

A molecule made of proteins and carb chains

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Glycolipids

Lipids with a carbohydrate, which maintain the cell membrane

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Cholesterol

Ring structure, which makes the membrane thicker and impenetrable

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Passive Transport

Transport which does not require energy to move substances across the cell membrane

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Simple Diffusion

The process where molecules diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient (hi to low)

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Facilitated Diffusion

The diffusion of solutes through carrier proteins due to charge, polarity or molecular size

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Osmosis

The movement of molecules, down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration

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Hypertonic Solution

Solution has higher solute concentration

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Hypertonic Net movement of water

Water will move out of the cell

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Isotonic Solution

Water outside the cell = Water within the cell

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Isotonic net movement

No net movement of water will take place

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Hypotonic Solution

Low Solute and High water concentration compared to the cell

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Hypotonic Net Movement of Water

Water will move into the cell, causing it to become turgid

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Active Transport

Transport of molecules across a cell membrane which requires energy

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Endocytosis

The ingestion of large particles into the cell

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Exocytosis

The process of moving large molecules out of the cell