Physiology - Module 12 2027 Ratio

B. The patient suffers from hyperpigmentation

A patient came to your clinic for hypertension. If the hypertension is due to a pituitary gland problem, which of the following would prove it?

A. The patient has high blood sugar

B. The patient suffers from hyperpigmentation

C. The patient has a high serum sodium concentration

D. The patient has moon facies and buffalo hump

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Hormone made up of a single chain of 41 amino acids.

Steroids

Their hyper hydrophobic structure makes it possible to activate receptors intracellularly

Lactation

This is governed by a positive feedback mechanism. Suckling stimulates nerve endings in the areola causing a neural reflex to the hypothalamus. The message from the hypothalamus is passed to the pituitary gland and then to the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin causes myoepithelial cell contraction leading to milk ejection. Oxytocin can also cause the anterior pituitary to produce prolactin to stimulate more milk production for future feedings.

Hormone REsponse element

When aldosterone binds to its receptor, it reaches its target at a particular area in the DNA. What do you call those?

Increase the degradation by the end target organ

A theoretical hormone was developed in the laboratory to aid in regulating sodium levels in cases of severe hypernatremia. For that to work, its clearance should be increased. What mechanism could help with increasing the clearance?

D. The hormone acts directly on the target organ.

Which of the following is true of the action of growth hormone?

A. It effectively increases the size in the cells in the organ to prevent the increase in their number.

B. It effectively increases the number of the cells in the organ without increasing their size.

C. Its mode of action and expression is very similar to those of the other pituitary gland hormones.

D. The hormone acts directly on the target organ.

A) GH decreases glucose uptake of muscle cells, whereas insulin promotes glucose uptake.

Which of the following correctly differentiates the action of GH from insulin?

A) GH decreases glucose uptake of muscle cells, whereas insulin promotes glucose uptake.

B) GH and insulin both enhance glucose uptake in muscle cells.

C) GH and insulin both decrease blood glucose levels.

D) GH promotes glycogen storage in muscle, while insulin inhibits glycogen formation.

A) Irregular sleep schedule affecting growth hormone secretion.

A parent of a 14-year-old boy consulted you regarding his stature, as he appears shorter than his peers. Which of the following could be affecting his growth?

A) Irregular sleep schedule affecting growth hormone secretion.

B) Excessive physical activity leading to growth suppression.

C) High protein diet stunting bone growth.

D) Early puberty onset delaying bone maturation.

A) Increased blood amino acids

Which of the following promotes GH secretion?

A) Increased blood amino acids

B) Hyperglycemia

C) Elevated blood free fatty acids

D) Chronic stress and cortisol elevation

C) Increased blood glucose has the same effect on growth hormone as aging.

Which of the following is true of the influence of blood glucose on growth hormone?

A) Increased blood glucose stimulates GH secretion.

B) Decreased blood glucose inhibits GH release.

C) Increased blood glucose has the same effect on growth hormone as aging.

D) Low blood glucose suppresses GH release.

B) Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

Somatostatin is also known as:

A) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

B) Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

C) Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

D) Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

B) Difficulty in breastfeeding

A woman who just experienced a complicated delivery of her baby was diagnosed with Sheehan’s syndrome. Which of the following physiologic sequelae is consistent?

A) Hyperprolactinemia and excessive milk production

B) Difficulty in breastfeeding

C) Excessive growth hormone secretion

D) Increased TSH leading to hyperthyroidism

C) A 45-year-old man with type 2 diabetes

Which of the following patients will be expected to have about 4x less growth hormone in the body?

A) A 10-year-old boy with normal growth

B) A 25-year-old woman with a high-protein diet

C) A 45-year-old man with type 2 diabetes

D) A 70-year-old woman with osteoporosis

B. An increase in isocitrate triggers triglyceride synthesis

Which of the following is true regarding fat metabolism and synthesis?

A. After converting excess carbohydrates to pyruvate, metabolic processes will shunt to glycogen synthesis.

B. An increase in isocitrate triggers triglyceride synthesis

C. Upon decreased glucose levels, lipoprotein lipase breaks down fats to activate gluconeogenesis

D. When glucose levels decrease, free FFAs are utilized as fuel to preserve glycogen stores

C. Decreased in Acetyl-CoA utilization

A 5-year-old child consults your clinic for T1DM. Which of the following is true regarding the physiologic response to glucose?

A. Decreased in acetoacetate formation

B. Decreased in Acetyl-CoA formation

C. Decreased in Acetyl-CoA utilization

D. Decreased in Beta Oxidation

B) Insulin has the same effect as growth hormone in the catabolic protection of proteins.

Which of the following is true regarding the influence of insulin on protein synthesis?

A) Insulin promotes protein catabolism for energy production.

B) Insulin has the same effect as growth hormone in the catabolic protection of proteins.

C) Insulin inhibits protein synthesis in muscle and liver cells.

D) Insulin has no direct effect on protein metabolism.

C) Inhibition of exocytosis of insulin

Opening the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the beta cells of the pancreas would result in which of the following?

A) Increased calcium influx leading to insulin release

B) Depolarization of the beta-cell membrane

C) Inhibition of exocytosis of insulin

D) Increased insulin secretion due to enhanced vesicle fusion

B) Increased insulin secretion upon release of incretin

A 43-year-old female visited for a check-up. A blood sugar level of 98 mg/dL was recorded. What is true regarding her case?

A) She has diabetes mellitus and requires immediate treatment.

B) Increased insulin secretion upon release of incretin

C) Insulin secretion is completely inhibited at this glucose level.

D) Glucagon levels will be elevated to counteract the glucose.

C. Increased cardiac output

Which of the following is a known action of glucagon?

A. Decreased bile secretion

B. Decreased blood flow

C. Increased cardiac output

D. Increased gastric acid production

D. Glucagon levels may increase due to the increased meat/protein consumption

A 37-year-old male went to an all-you-can-eat hot pot. Which of the following is true?

A. Cortisol will stimulate cytosomal stabilization

B. Glycogenolysis will occur

C. Insulin levels will decrease

D. Glucagon levels may increase due to the increased meat/protein consumption

A) Non-enzymatic glycation of tissue

Severely increased sugar levels would result in increased macrovascular damage through which of the following mechanisms?

A) Non-enzymatic glycation of tissue

B) Increased insulin sensitivity in endothelial cells

C) Enhanced glucose uptake by red blood cells

D) Activation of glycolysis in blood vessels

B) Undergo 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A 47-year-old female underwent a wellness check. She has no symptoms but wants to ensure she has no health issues. Her blood sugar was measured at 202 mg/dL. What should be done to support this finding?

A) Diagnose diabetes mellitus immediately based on this single reading

B) Undergo 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

C) Ignore the result since she is asymptomatic

D) Prescribe insulin therapy without further testing

B) Hyperglycemia

Perry was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease and is prescribed oral dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid. What is the most likely side effect of the medication?

A) Hypoglycemia

B) Hyperglycemia

C) Increased insulin sensitivity

D) Muscle hypertrophy

B) Hyperglycemia

Dexamethasone is used for the treatment of severe COVID-19. What is the most likely side effect of the medication?

A) Hypoglycemia

B) Hyperglycemia

C) Increased immune response

D) Bradycardia

B) Decreased glucose utilization

Whitey, a 52-year-old male, visits your clinic due to increased fatigability. History reveals hypertension, hyperglycemia, central obesity, and muscle weakness. What is the most likely cause of muscle fatigue?

A) Increased muscle glycogen storage

B) Decreased glucose utilization

C) Excessive protein synthesis

D) Low cortisol levels

B) Increased mineralocorticoid activity

Ratata, a 25-year-old female, visits your clinic due to a headache. History and physical examination reveal high blood pressure, frequent urination, and muscle weakness. What is the most likely cause of muscle weakness?

A) Hypocalcemia

B) Increased mineralocorticoid activity

C) Excessive sympathetic stimulation

D) Decreased aldosterone secretion

A. A girl breaking up with her boyfriend

Which of the following subjects would most likely have an abnormally elevated ACTH?

A. A girl breaking up with her boyfriend

B. A bodybuilder taking steroids

C. A runner recovering from a marathon

D. A student waking up in the morning

A male with chronic asthma and eczema requested steroids to relieve symptoms. You advised him that this will not be the best treatment because he has asthma. Why?

A) Oral corticosteroids will suppress the immune system.

B) Steroids have no effect on inflammation.

C) Steroids can cause immediate bronchoconstriction.

D) Steroids are only effective for bacterial infections.

C) Dexamethasone

Which of the following is a synthetic steroid?

A) Aldosterone

B) Cortisol

C) Dexamethasone

D) Testosterone

C) 17-alpha-hydroxylase

Natasha consulted you for an endocrine abnormality. She exhibits increased aldosterone, decreased cortisol, and decreased androgens. Which enzyme is likely to be deficient?

A) 21-hydroxylase

B) 11-beta-hydroxylase

C) 17-alpha-hydroxylase

D) 5-alpha-reductase

C) Decreased epinephrine

Researchers discovered an experimental drug that suppresses the adrenal medulla. Which of the following scenarios would be most consistent?

A) Increased epinephrine secretion

B) Increased norepinephrine levels

C) Decreased epinephrine

D) Elevated blood glucose

C) Low serum potassium

A 25-year-old male was rushed to the emergency room for a headache. Upon examination, his BP is high despite taking three antihypertensive medications. Lab results show impaired fasting glucose, normal sodium, and low potassium. Which of the following will make you suspect this is a mineralocorticoid problem?

A) Normal sodium

B) High blood pressure

C) Low serum potassium

D) Impaired fasting glucose

C) The best advice is to stop the medication.

An 18-year-old female consulted you for a persistent rash on her forearm. She said that she took a glucocorticoid steroid for a fungal infection. What is the best advice?

A) Increase the steroid dosage.

B) Switch to a different steroid.

C) The best advice is to stop the medication.

D) Apply an antibiotic ointment.

D) Cortisol shares structural similarities with mineralocorticoids.

A patient was diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome due to excess cortisol. It would also lead to increased blood pressure because:

A) Cortisol inhibits renin secretion.

B) Cortisol blocks the action of aldosterone.

C) Cortisol increases sympathetic nervous system activity.

D) Cortisol shares structural similarities with mineralocorticoids.