medical terminology chapter 4

bi-

twice, double, two

-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

dys-

bad, difficult, or painful

fasci/o

fascia, fibrous band

fibr/o

fibrous tissue, fiber

-ia

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

-ic

pertaining to

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

my/o

muscle

-plegia

paralysis, stroke

-rrhexis

rupture

tax/o

coordination, order

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

ton/o

tone, stretching, tension

tri-

three

abduction

the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.

adduction

the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.

adhesion

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

ataxia

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength.

atrophy

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement.

carpal tunnel syndrome

a symptom that occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

chronic fatigue syndrome

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems.

circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb.

contracture

abnormal shortening of.

dorsiflexion

the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

dyskinesia

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions.

dystonia

a condition of abnormal muscle tone.

electromyography

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity muscle fibers in response to nerve simulation.

epicondylitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.

ergonomics

the study of the human factors that affects the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

exercise physiologist

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

fasciitis

inflammation of a fascia.

fibromyalgia

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.

ganglion cyst

a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

heel spur

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel.

hemiparesis

slight paralysis or weakness affecting only one side of the body.

hemiplegia

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.

hernia

the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function or activity.

hypotonia

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.

impingement syndrome

inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.

insertion

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. it is more movable attachment.

intermittent claudication

pain in the leg, muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

muscular dystrophy

a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles without affecting the nervous system.

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.

myocele

the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.

myoclonus

the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.

myofascial release

a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

myolysis

the degermation of muscle tissue.

myoparesis

weakness or slight muscular paralysis.

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle.

neuromuscular

nerve stimuli to muscles

oblique

means slanted or at angle.

origin

where the muscle begins and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.

paralysis

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

paraplegia

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

physiatrist

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.

plantar fasclitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot or heel pain when walking or running.

polymyositis

muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.

pronation

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four extremities.

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging.

shin split

pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia.

singultus

myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.

sphincter

a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.

sprain

an injury to a joint. such as ankle, knee, or wrist, that usually involves a wrenched or torn ligament.

tenodesis

surgical suturing of the divided ends of a tendon.

tenolysis

the release of a tendon from adhesions.

tenorrhaphy

surgical suturing of the divided ends of a tendon.

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath around a tendon.

tenotomy

a surgical incision into a tendon.

torticollis

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.

transverse

in a crosswise direction, a straight direction