PSYCH 111 (clinical)

state

temporary condition of being

traits

long lasting, consistent parts of your personality

free association

someone starts you off with a concept or a term, and you have to come up with everything and anything that comes to mind following that; looks for patterns or consistencies

self-concept

your understanding of who you are as a person

individualism

trusting and acting on you feelings, believing in yourself, fulfilling yourself; critical to change

person-situation controversy

the debate about whether behavior is determined more by personality traits or situational factors

narcissism

trait marked by inflated sense of self; across time, likeability drops

phsiognomy

your physical characteristics influence the type of personality you have

tall and lanky people according toSheldons Body Type Theory

introverted and intelligence

muscular people according to Sheldons Body Type Theory

assertive and bold

chubby people according to Sheldons Body Type Theory

agreeable and jolly

four humors

balance of blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm

too much blood

happy

too much yellow bile

caloric and angry

too much black bile

melancholic, depression and anxiety

too much phlegm

lazy

unconscious

a factor of Freud's level of consciousness in which most of what is influencing our behaviors are parts of the mind we are not able to access

preconscious

a factor of Freud's level of consciousness in which info is not currently available to bring, but can be brought back to consciousness with effort

conscious

a factor of Freud's level of consciousness in which info is currently available and active in our mind

Id

fulfills wants and desires; “devil on shoulder”; first part of yourself to develop; driven into unconscious as you get older

ego

part of self that is present and interacting with the world

superego

concerned with morality and social acceptance; angel on your shoulder; last part to develop

oral stage

the first stage of psychosexual development; occurs from birth to about 18 months; ability to eat, suck and soothe; arogonic zome= MOUTH

anal stage

the second stage of psychosexual development; occurs from about 18 months to 3 years; focuses on potty training; zone=ANUS

phallic stage

the third stage of psychosexual development; occurs from about 3 to 6 years; focuses on the awareness of genital differences between the sexes; zone=GENITALS

oedipal concept

little boys want to kill their dad and have sex with their mom

elektra concept

little girls want to kill their mom and have sex with their dad

latency stage

the fourth stage of psychosexual development; occurs from about 6 years to puberty; ignored sexual interest and focuses on same sex friend relationships

genital stage

the fifth stage of psychosexual development; occurs from puberty and onward; focuses on enacting sexual desires and creating romantic relationships; zone-GENITALS

regression

revert back to an earlier psychosexual stage to avoid/ignore problems that you face

denial

you refuse to acknowledge reality of the situation

projection

you take inappropriate feelings that you have and put them onto someone else

displacement/sublimation

we take out the anger/aggression/inappropriate feeling on a person/event and we move it over to a more social acceptatble person/event

reaction formation

you take the inappropriate feelings you are thinking an express the opposite of those feelings; common in postpartum depression

rationalization

coming up with excuses for behaviors that isn’t socially acceptable

development according to Freud

it is lifelong and the genital stage is at the end of it

research against Freud’s idea of development

infants can’t maintain trauma and fixations from the oral stage and gender identity can present with single parent environments (goes against oedipal and elektra concepts)

Freud’s idea of dreams

emphasized this as the key to unlocking unconscious

research against Freud’s idea of dreams

they are influenced by the conscious, not the unconscious

Freud’s idea of defense mechanisms

it is a way of protecting ego from reality

research against Freud’s idea of defense mechanisms

it is actually a way to preserve biases and self esteem

Freud’s idea of repression

take things from the conscious and bury it into the unconscious

research against Freud’s idea of repression

it is more like suggestibility; you create things and assume they are memories

Freud’s idea of falsifiability

primary things that derive personality and behavior is something you have no access to

research against Freud’s idea of falsifiability

you need to test theories and this one is not scientific or empirical

Freud's idea of trajectory

focused on explaining things after the fact

research against Freud’s idea of trajectory

people need to predict and understand things that will happen

Freud’s idea of sexes

women suffer from penis envy and that men are the only ones with morality

personal unconscious

part of Jung Analytic Theory; personal material or info that is not in consciousness because of either repression or forgetting

collective unconscious

part of Jung Analytic Theory; ancestral memories that were passed down to you

ancestral memory archetype

part of Jung Analytic Theory; emotionally charged images and thought patterns that were thought to be universal

anima

a man’s internal feminine perspective

animus

a woman’s internal masculine perspective

shadow

sex/life instincts; tend to be dark

persona

how we present ourselves to the world; shield to the ego that can take on many forms depending on the situation

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

The Big Five

oppenness to experience

willingness/comfort level to try new things or break from your routine

conscientiousness

how likely you are to recognize and follow formal and informal rules

extroversion

comfort level in seeking out social interactions

agreeableness

how much you care about getting along with other people and making them feel comfortable

neuroticism

how much do you think about how bad things can happen; anxiety

stability

the Big Five will not stay the same throughout life, but there are trends

the maturity principle

we tend to become more conscientious, agreeable and less neurotic as time goes on

brain structure

high extroversion → lower general brain arousal

high conscientiousness → larger frontal lobe

high neuroticism → neural connection that suggest they feel stressed more strongly

birth order

youngest child, only child, oldest child, etc.

culture

the Big Five is universal with variability of how strongly some traits are presented

national character

typical presentation of the Big Five in a cultural population

prediction

conscientiousness and agreeableness → workplace success

extroversion → personal pronouns in text

Roger’s Person Centered

humanist perspective; acceptance, genuineness and empathy are necessary for environment where positive personal growth can happen

acceptance

unconditional positive regard no matter the action

genuineness

ability to respond openly, honestly and spontaneously; applies to both person making and seeking change

empathy

ability to share/mirror someone else’s feelings and thoughts in order to create change

Eysenck’s Dimensional Theory

you can plot all personality traits onto a matrix where the ends are introversion, extroversion, neuroticism and emotional stability

Allport’s Trait Types

18,000 words that could be personality traits; divided into cardinal, central. and secondary traits

cardinal traits

rules and behaviors on how to approach a situation that you care about; most likely displayed at any given time

central traits

found at some degree and virtually every person; Big Five

secondary traits

traits that are context specific

biological theory

our personality is written in our genes

evolutionary theory of personality

we have the Big Five because those are the traits that helped us survive and thrive

genes and personality

there are similarities in people who are genetically related

projective tests

you get a ambiguous stimuli and are asked to talk about experience with ambiguous stimuli

thematic apperception test (TAT)

projective test; valid tests that show an ambiguous photo and asked to create a story with it; done for multiple photos in order to look for trend in narrative

human figure drawings

projective test; asks people to draw a person however they want; administrator looks at how one includes/excludes characteristics

personality inventories

very long questionnaires that cover a lot of traits and situations

Minnesoat Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

personalities inventory; developed to examine emotional disorders but has utility for personality disorders; grouped along 13 different scales

Myer-Briggs

personalities inventory; based on Yung; not much validity; category based and is susceptible to bias

Youyou, Kosinski, Stillwell (2015)

looked at amount of likes and the big 5; using likes were more predictive than using opinion of friends and family

comorbidity

someone has 2+ psychological disorders at the same time

lifetime prevalence rate

how likely is this disorder likely to appear throughout an individual’s lifetime

typical prevalence rate

how many people at a given time have a psychological disorder

etiology

the apparent cause and developmental history of a disorder

epidemiology

study of the distribution of a disorder in the population

insantiy defense

used less common then people think because if you want to use it, you have to admit that you did the actio; dangerous and unsuccessful

violence rates

many think that people with a mental disorder are more likely to be violent; in reality, they under-attribute; people with a disorder are 10x more likely to be a victim of a crime than someone who doesn’t

abnormal behavior

how we determine something is a psychological disorder

deviance

is someone behaving a way that's different than the typical person

maladaptive

does the behavior interfere with their day to day life

personal distress

how much individual stress is the behavior causing the individual

value judgements

subjective; people having to determine how much a behavior is affecting a individual

symptoms

ot every psychological disorder does not show the same ones; some have different number