A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
New cards
2
Chemical Property
The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.
New cards
3
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
New cards
4
Precision
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
New cards
5
Accuracy
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.
New cards
6
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
New cards
7
dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response to changing the independent variable.
New cards
8
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
New cards
9
controlled variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same to ensure the independent variable is the only factor impacting the dependent variable.
New cards
10
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
New cards
11
Directional hypothesis
States a prediction in the direction of the difference or relationship between the independent and dependent variables
New cards
12
limitation
Some factor that restricts the scope of activity or ability to draw conclusions.
New cards
13
Extraneous variable (EV)
Any variable other than the IV that could cause a change in the DV and thus alter the results. These can include: Individual participant differences, Placebo effect, experimenter effects, order effects, use of non-standardised procedures,
New cards
14
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
New cards
15
positive control
Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results.
New cards
16
negative control
Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.
New cards
17
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
New cards
18
Reproducible
Capable of being recreated and repeated by other groups following the same method
New cards
19
Repeatable
describes evidence that can be seen independently by the scientist if they repeat the same experiment or observation in the same way
New cards
20
international unit
international unit of measurement such as litres(l) or grams(g)
New cards
21
continuous data
Data that can take on any value. There is no space between data values for a given domain. Line graph used to present data which is continuous
New cards
22
discrete data
Data with space between possible data values - categorical data such as colour, name. Graphs are represented by columns - no meaningful data between points.
New cards
23
Placebo
often used in drug trials, placebo is a substance without therapeutic effect - negative control
New cards
24
contamination
The introduction of dangerous chemicals, infectious materials or inadvertently transferring chemicals to incorrect tube impacting accuracy of result (error).
New cards
25
qualitative data
Descriptive data. Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
New cards
26
quantitative data
Numerical data
New cards
27
Validity
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Impacted by scientific design and ability to control variables.
New cards
28
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing. A biological catalyst.
New cards
29
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
New cards
30
Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
New cards
31
product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
New cards
32
Enzyme Theory
Enzymes function at optimal level when exposed to optimal conditions for that enzyme (pH, temperature, substrate concentration)
New cards
33
Collision theory
For a reaction to occur, the particles must collide, they must collide with the appropriate orientation, and they must collide with sufficient energy.
New cards
34
Protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
New cards
35
Ethical Issues
an identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity requiring a choice among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong, ethical or unethical
New cards
36
Non-maleficence
duty to do no harm, or to minimise harm
New cards
37
Beneficence
Doing the most good; maximising benefit
New cards
38
Justice
fairness; rightfulness
New cards
39
respect
consideration for the rights, values, perspectives and feelings of other people/animals
New cards
40
integrity
(n.) honesty, open communication of all findings, high moral standards
New cards
41
personal error
mistakes or miscalculations due to human fault. Can be eliminated by performing the experiment again correctly
New cards
42
random error
Error that is due to chance and is not standardized. Decreases precision.
New cards
43
systematic error
Error that shifts all measurements in a standardized way. Decreases accuracy. Can result in bias
New cards
44
uncertainty
an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value
Studied by 9 people
