PSYC MT1 (module 1-5 (p48))

The study of human behaviour

Psychology

Study of the nervous system

Neuroscience

Psychopharmacology is a subdiscipline of psychology, focusing on the relationship between ___ and ___

Drugs & Behaviour

Neuropsychopharmacology is a subdiscipline of neuroscience, focusing on the relationship between ___, ___ & ____

Drugs brain and behaviour

____ is a fundamental part of neuroscience and psychology

Research

Psychopharmacology is the study of drugs effects on: (4)

1. mood

2. perception

3. cognition

4. behaviour

All of which are aspects of psyc

• so u could say how drugs affect our psychology

Pharmacology studies how drugs affect the ___

body

Pscyhoactive drugs affect the ___ ____

nervous system → 4 aspects of psyc

Neuropsychopharmacology is the study of how

drugs affect our nervous system function and how this change affects our psychology

psychopharmacology and neuropsychopharmacology is often mushed together (t/f)

True

_____ pharmacology refers to traditional researchers

Behavioural

Behavioural pharmacology suggest we most likely work with ___ models

animal

Psychoactive drug use is ____

ubiquitous (addictive and hard to avoid)

addiction is ___

prevalent

---

(blank) is an administered substance that affects physiological functioning

drug

exceptions/problem to the ‘drug’ definition (3)

supplements, food and exercise

Exogenous origin

administered outside of the body (drug)

ex. drug cream applied to skin

endogenous origin

comes from the body (not a drug)

ex. test made in body

Drugs used to achieve a specific ‘purpose’

instrumental drug use

use of a drug to simply experience the effect of the drug

recreational drug use

complication of instrumental and recreational drug use

the ‘feeling of a drug could be used for a specific purpose

ex. alch → forget

Drug names - trade names

named by brand

• only one company can call it that

• ex. Tylenol

Drug names: generic names

actual drug name of trade names

• anyone can sell

_____ names are created by its chemical map

Chemical

amount of drug per bodyweight is called…

dose

Dose-effect curves (dose-response curves ) - explain how it works

a graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect, used to determine drug potency, effectiveness, and safe dosage ranges.

potency

strength of a drug

Lower ED50 = a more ___ drug

potent

ED50

median effective dose - where 50% of participants respond

____ models are used to test toxicity rate

animals

TD50 measures …

where 50% of participants’ receive toxic effects of drug

TD50 will always be above ____

ED50

How to find Margin of saftey

TD50/ED50

_____ ____ compares which drug is safer, higher ___ means the drug is safer because the further the margin the less likely to meet toxic effects

Therapeutic Index

• TD50/ED50 = margin

Researcher gets to choose whether the Y axis is the effect of drug or # of ___ responding

partcipants

Certain safety index

• more conservative and used method to ensure drug use safety

• TD1/ED99

Lethal Dose - where 50 percent of participants die to drug

LD50

Drugs physiological action on body/NS

• relates to agonism and antagonism

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

How the drug moves through body (admin. to elim)

pharmacogenetics refers to

differences in genes that lead to difference in our pharmacodynamics &/or kinetics

Objective effects are ___ measured and subjective effects are ___ measured

Directly (meters seconds hear rate) , Indirectly (thoughts, feelings)

Non-experimental research

correlational research in the real world

• no true variables

an issue with correlation is the ___-___ problem

third variable problem: other factors that could affect the study

research in a controlled, predictable, environment is the ___ method

experimental method - measures effect of IV on DV

Placebo can be used as control value unless a ____ already exists

treatment

treatment arms

• levels of the IV

• different treatment groups

  • ex. placebo vs experimental vs old drug (3 levels of treatment arms)

2 types of blinded procedures

single blind study - only participant doesn’t know

double blind study - researcher and participant does know which group they are in

A ___ ____ study is when everyone knows what they are given for ethical concerns

Open Label

4 reasons why animal models are used for research

1. understand basic mechanisms

2. because there are no viable alternatives

3. because they have high predictive value

4. have a number of protections in place

2 ethical considerations must be made for human research (2)

1. federal mandated committees review human research proposal

2. informed consent

Phase one of clinical trials

will not harm anyone, most pass

• low dose → short term and determine most likely effects effects

• treats healthy individuals if possible

Phase 2 of clinical trials

• higher dose → Sort term

  • Determination of therapeutic effectiveness

• most do not pass but if it does will likely hit market

• treats participants with disorder

phase 3 of clinical trials

• dose selected based on phase 2 but given long term

• brand name for market

  • looks to include other populations with coexisting conditions

Phase 4 of clinical trials

• occurs after FDA approval

• dose selected based on phase 3 but long term

• hit market

• still monitored to make sure there are no long term effects

human brain weighs ~_lbs

3

human brain consumes ~__ % of your energy

20

brains are slightly ____ in men than women but still huge individual variation

larger

The brain is composed of ___, ____ , ____ cells and blood vessels

neurons, glia , stem cells

stem cells can produce new cells but not ____

neurons

neurons are not replaced thus they ___ over time

degrade

Neurons

cell that contains axons

• sends AP out of axons

  • very quick

Glia

support cells

Neuron anatomy in order (4)

1. Dendrite → receives AP

2. Soma → Cell Body

3. Axon → only 1 in most cases

4. Terminals → end of neuron

3 types of neurons

A. Pyramidal (Projection neuron)

B. Stellate (star shaped) (lie in subcortical-area)

C. Purkinje (ton of dendrites) (lie in cerebellum)

____ neurons have long axons that project to a different brain area (pyramidal)

Projection

____ have short axons that project locally

interneurons

interneurons have ____ ____ that allows for signals to be modified

multiple junctions

• A→B→C→D

____ cells play a structural role and aid nervous system function

Glial

______ forms ½ of the blood brain barrier and provides ____ to the brain

• they are located at _____ thus they maintain/modify _____ (same word)

• most common glial cell

astrocytes , oxygen , synapses, synapses

_____ aid immune system function

• small cells that ____ unknown cells within the blood brain barrier

microglia, engulf

_____ cells insulate around axons

______ AP

located in the ___

myelinate only a ____ axon

Schwann

Accelerates

PNS

single

_________ speeds up AP in the CNS

• can _____ several axons

oligodendrocytes , myelinate

____ ____: Glia have receptors and transmitters that help to shape conditions at the synapse

Tripartite synapse

In the brain, ___ matter is the outer layer that contains cell bodies of neurons (projection and small interneurons) and ____ matter is the inner layer with ____ axons

Outer, Inner , myelinated

T/F does staining (paleness) decrease cell bodies

TRUE

_____ mobilize energy while _____ conserve energy (for future use), these two systems are not always ____ each other (work together)

Sympathetic , Parasympathetic , against

3 major divisions of the brain

• forebrain

• midbrain

• hindbrain

gyrus/gyri fold _____ and sulcus/sulci (fissures) fold ____

outwards, inward

name all the lobes of the brain in photo (even brown thing)

Blue - frontal

Green - parietal

Red - Occipital

Orange - temporal

brown raisin thing- cerebellum

under the cortex are grey matter clusters called ____/____

nuclei/nucleus

The ___ is located in the hindbrain and provides basic physiological functions for survival (damage=death)

medulla

The _____ is responsible for hormonal control and SNS and PNS activity

Hypothalamus

Limbic system contains the ____, responsible for emotions and the _____ which plays a key role in LTM (affected by many drugs)

Amygdala ,hippocampus

the ____ _____ is a mediating region for drug inhibition and a subsection of it is the _____ ____ which is responsible for motor learning (muscle memory)

nucleus accumbens , basal ganglia

cerebral blood flow - ____ supply & no _____

limited, reserves

Blood brain barrier (4)

• tightly packed

• protects brain

• active transport for larget molecules

• drugs that cross the BBB better work better

Our primary protection for the brain is the ______ (contains periosteal and meningeal) which is the thick part of the skull and the ___ _____ which is the thin plastic wrap part

Dura mater , pia meter

CSF is inside the ______ and helps (3)

Ventricle

1. support

2. protect

3. provides nutrition

DNA → ____ → ___

mRNA, protein

cell nucleus contains __ chromosomes , which are made of DNA

56, DNA

__ code for specific proteins

genes

______ : slight variations within genes, makes us unique

polymorphisms

____ is the reversible process of coding DNA to RNA

Transcription

____ is information that is carried outside our geenes

epigenetics

____ animals have a slight change in genes (at birth) (genetically modified )

Transgenic

_____ animals is the removal of genes (deactivation) (modified organisms)

Knockout

conditional knockout mice have a ____ of a gene in adulthood

removal

The ___ is the site of neural communication

synapse