BIOL 2200 Pathophysiology - Module 1

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Pathophysiology

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The study of functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs altered by disease or injury.

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Pathology

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The study of physical changes in cells and tissues associated with disease.

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Flashcards on Pathophysiology

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66 Terms

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Pathophysiology

The study of functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs altered by disease or injury.

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Pathology

The study of physical changes in cells and tissues associated with disease.

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Disease

An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is congenital which causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.

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Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Alteration in cell or tissue function that underlies every disease.

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Cellular Adaptation

Changes in size, number, or type of cell to permit the survival and maintenance of function when under stress.

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Atrophy

Decrease in cell size; may be normal or pathological.

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Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size; especially in skeletal and heart muscle.

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Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells (cells are normal); occurs in tissues with cells capable of mitosis.

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Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type.

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Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells; atypical hyperplasia implicated as a precursor to cancer.

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Intracellular Accumulation

Buildup of material that the cell cannot metabolize; can be endogenous or exogenous.

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Calcification

Buildup of calcium salts in tissues; can occur in damaged or normal tissues.

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Cell Injury

Inability of a cell to maintain homeostasis or adapt, leading to reversible or irreversible damage.

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Hypoxia

Lack of sufficient oxygen for cells; most commonly caused by ischemia.

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Impaired Calcium Homeostasis

High intracellular calcium resulting in activation of inappropriate enzymes that cause cell damage.

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Free Radicals

Chemical species with an unpaired outer electron; highly reactive and cause damage to proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death caused by both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cell suicide).

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Necrosis

Unregulated passive cell death due to injury = messy.

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Coagulative Necrosis

Caused by hypoxia and characteristic of infarcts (areas of ischemic necrosis)

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Liquefactive Necrosis

Occurs in focal bacterial or fungal infections; tissues soften and liquefy.

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Caseous Necrosis

Most often seen in lungs due to tuberculosis infections; cheese-like appearance.

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Fat Necrosis

Areas of fat destruction; typically results from leakage of pancreatic lipases.

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Gangrenous Necrosis (Gangrene)

Results from severe hypoxic injury; refers to significant tissue area whose cells have undergone necrosis.

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Aging

Inevitable and normal structural and functional changes that eventually lead to cellular death by apoptosis.

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Inflammation

Part of the second line of defense; initiated by all causes of cell injury to destroy infection, limit spread, and promote healing.

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Endothelial Cells

Form a metabolically active interface between blood and underlying tissues.

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Platelets

Produce numerous inflammatory mediators; activated by exposed collagen and clotting factors.

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Neutrophil

Typically “first on scene” at site of injury; have pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for phagocytosis: produce ROS and proteases to kill bacteria.

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Macrophages

Second type of phagocyte; able to ingest larger volumes and initiates/controls later healing processes.

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Mast Cells

Most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response; produce histamine, TNF, prostaglandins, etc.

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Basophils

Blood-borne functional equivalent of mast cells; release same mediators as mast cells.

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Eosinophil

Important in hypersensitivity responses; increase during allergic and parasitic infections.

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Clotting System

Cascade of reactions that activate proteins producing fibrin net that traps pathogens and leukocytes and forms a clot.

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Kinin System

Cascade of reactions that activate proteins assisting with inflammatory response.

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Complement System

Cascade reactions that activate proteins that either kill pathogens directly or intensify reactions of other components of the inflammatory response.

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Acute Phase Proteins

Plasma concentrations are increased or decreased in response to inflammation; promotes fever, inflammation, and leukocyte recruitment and activation.

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Histamine

One of first chemicals to be released during acute inflammation; increases vascular dilation and permeability.

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Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

Made from long chain fatty acids; induce inflammation and vasoconstriction or dilation.

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Nitric Oxide (NO)

Appears to reduce the cellular phase of inflammation in normal situations.

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Cytokines

Proteins made by many cell types to communicate with each other to produce an effective inflammatory response.

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Chemokines

Type of cytokines; function mainly as chemoattractants to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells.

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Regeneration

Injured tissues are returned to almost original structure and function.

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Replacement

The process of the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue.

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Labile Cells

Epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells.

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Stable Cells

liver, kidney, smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cells

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Fixed Cells

nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells

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Fistula

Abnormal passageway between two structures that does not normally exist.

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Strictures

Narrowing of passageway

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Acute

Relatively severe, but short-term.

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Chronic

Continuous long-term process.

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Communicable Disease

A disease that can be transferred between individuals.

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Congenital

A disease that is present from birth.

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Degenerative Disease

Structure/function worsens with time.

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Etiology

The study of the cause of disease.

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Exacerbation

Severity of disease made worse.

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Iatrogenic

Diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment.

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Idiopathic

Diseases with no identifiable cause.

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Genetic

A disease that is passed down through genes.

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Local

Contained within one area.

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Pathogenesis

How a disease develops.

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Prognosis

The expected outcome of a disease.

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Remission

Period during which there is a decrease in severity of disease.

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Signs

Manifestation of a disease that is noted by an observer.

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Symptoms

Subjective complaint made by person with disease.

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Syndrome

Combination of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a disease.

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Systemic

Affecting whole body.