Pathophysiology
The study of functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs altered by disease or injury.
Pathology
The study of physical changes in cells and tissues associated with disease.
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Flashcards on Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology
The study of functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs altered by disease or injury.
Pathology
The study of physical changes in cells and tissues associated with disease.
Disease
An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is congenital which causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.
Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Alteration in cell or tissue function that underlies every disease.
Cellular Adaptation
Changes in size, number, or type of cell to permit the survival and maintenance of function when under stress.
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size; may be normal or pathological.
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size; especially in skeletal and heart muscle.
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells (cells are normal); occurs in tissues with cells capable of mitosis.
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type.
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells; atypical hyperplasia implicated as a precursor to cancer.
Intracellular Accumulation
Buildup of material that the cell cannot metabolize; can be endogenous or exogenous.
Calcification
Buildup of calcium salts in tissues; can occur in damaged or normal tissues.
Cell Injury
Inability of a cell to maintain homeostasis or adapt, leading to reversible or irreversible damage.
Hypoxia
Lack of sufficient oxygen for cells; most commonly caused by ischemia.
Impaired Calcium Homeostasis
High intracellular calcium resulting in activation of inappropriate enzymes that cause cell damage.
Free Radicals
Chemical species with an unpaired outer electron; highly reactive and cause damage to proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death caused by both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cell suicide).
Necrosis
Unregulated passive cell death due to injury = messy.
Coagulative Necrosis
Caused by hypoxia and characteristic of infarcts (areas of ischemic necrosis)
Liquefactive Necrosis
Occurs in focal bacterial or fungal infections; tissues soften and liquefy.
Caseous Necrosis
Most often seen in lungs due to tuberculosis infections; cheese-like appearance.
Fat Necrosis
Areas of fat destruction; typically results from leakage of pancreatic lipases.
Gangrenous Necrosis (Gangrene)
Results from severe hypoxic injury; refers to significant tissue area whose cells have undergone necrosis.
Aging
Inevitable and normal structural and functional changes that eventually lead to cellular death by apoptosis.
Inflammation
Part of the second line of defense; initiated by all causes of cell injury to destroy infection, limit spread, and promote healing.
Endothelial Cells
Form a metabolically active interface between blood and underlying tissues.
Platelets
Produce numerous inflammatory mediators; activated by exposed collagen and clotting factors.
Neutrophil
Typically “first on scene” at site of injury; have pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for phagocytosis: produce ROS and proteases to kill bacteria.
Macrophages
Second type of phagocyte; able to ingest larger volumes and initiates/controls later healing processes.
Mast Cells
Most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response; produce histamine, TNF, prostaglandins, etc.
Basophils
Blood-borne functional equivalent of mast cells; release same mediators as mast cells.
Eosinophil
Important in hypersensitivity responses; increase during allergic and parasitic infections.
Clotting System
Cascade of reactions that activate proteins producing fibrin net that traps pathogens and leukocytes and forms a clot.
Kinin System
Cascade of reactions that activate proteins assisting with inflammatory response.
Complement System
Cascade reactions that activate proteins that either kill pathogens directly or intensify reactions of other components of the inflammatory response.
Acute Phase Proteins
Plasma concentrations are increased or decreased in response to inflammation; promotes fever, inflammation, and leukocyte recruitment and activation.
Histamine
One of first chemicals to be released during acute inflammation; increases vascular dilation and permeability.
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
Made from long chain fatty acids; induce inflammation and vasoconstriction or dilation.
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Appears to reduce the cellular phase of inflammation in normal situations.
Cytokines
Proteins made by many cell types to communicate with each other to produce an effective inflammatory response.
Chemokines
Type of cytokines; function mainly as chemoattractants to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells.
Regeneration
Injured tissues are returned to almost original structure and function.
Replacement
The process of the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue.
Labile Cells
Epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells.
Stable Cells
liver, kidney, smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cells
Fixed Cells
nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
Fistula
Abnormal passageway between two structures that does not normally exist.
Strictures
Narrowing of passageway
Acute
Relatively severe, but short-term.
Chronic
Continuous long-term process.
Communicable Disease
A disease that can be transferred between individuals.
Congenital
A disease that is present from birth.
Degenerative Disease
Structure/function worsens with time.
Etiology
The study of the cause of disease.
Exacerbation
Severity of disease made worse.
Iatrogenic
Diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment.
Idiopathic
Diseases with no identifiable cause.
Genetic
A disease that is passed down through genes.
Local
Contained within one area.
Pathogenesis
How a disease develops.
Prognosis
The expected outcome of a disease.
Remission
Period during which there is a decrease in severity of disease.
Signs
Manifestation of a disease that is noted by an observer.
Symptoms
Subjective complaint made by person with disease.
Syndrome
Combination of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a disease.
Systemic
Affecting whole body.