Microeconomics-diagram-handout

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24 Terms

1
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Abnormal Profit

Occurs when Ppm > Pcost, indicating all costs are covered and there are surplus profits.

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Ad Valorem Tax

A tax based on the value of a transaction, such as a VAT or sales tax.

3
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Allocative Efficiency

Achieved when community surplus is maximized at price P*.

4
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Average Revenue (AR) and Marginal Revenue (MR)

Under perfect competition, AR and MR are equal and represented by the same line.

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Average Fixed Costs

A fixed cost per unit that diminishes as output increases but never reaches zero.

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Average Product

Displays productive efficiency at its highest point where it intersects the average variable cost curve.

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Average Revenue in Imperfect Competition

The light blue curve, which is the same as the demand curve, slopes downward.

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Average Revenue in Non-Collusive Oligopoly

The green curve is relatively elastic above Ppm and inelastic below Ppm.

9
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Average Total Costs

Sum of average fixed costs and average variable costs, represented by the blue line.

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Average Variable Costs

Initially decreases then increases due to diminishing marginal returns, approaching but never reaching average total cost.

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Break-Even Profit

Occurs at Qpm where Ppm equals Pcost, indicating all costs are covered with no profit.

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Change in Demand

A shift in demand often due to factors like a new marketing campaign.

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Change in Quantity Demanded

A movement along the demand curve caused by a change in price.

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Change in Quantity Supplied

Movement along the supply curve in response to a change in price.

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Change in Supply

A shift in the supply curve often due to external factors such as technological improvements.

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Community Surplus

A situation where both producers and consumers are satisfied with the market price up to quantity Q.

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Complement

A good that is typically used together with another good.

18
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Constant Returns to Scale (LR)

Occurs when further expansion at output level Q3 does not lower costs.

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Consumer Surplus

The difference between what consumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay, measured as additional utility.

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Decreasing Returns to Scale (LR)

When output increases beyond Q3 results in rising costs.

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Elastic Supply

The quantity supplied changes more than the price change, represented as Qs = -C + dP.

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Equilibrium

Achieved when quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at price P*.

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Increasing Returns to Scale (LR)

When output increases to Q3, resulting in lower average costs.

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Inelastic Supply

The quantity supplied changes less than the price change, represented as Qs = +C + dP.