bsc2010 chapter 9 cellular respiration and fermentation

glycolysis

glycolysis

first step of cellular respiration, glucose → pyruvate, does NOT require oxygen, happens in cytoplasm where 2 ATP is spent to overall form 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

pyruvate processing

second step of cellular respiration, happens in mitochrondrial matrix, pyruvates → acetyl-coa, makes 2 acetyl-coa, 2 NADH, 2 CO2, the entire process needs O2 to continue

citric acid cycle

third step of cellular respiration, oxidation of organic carbon, happens in mitochondrial matrix, 2 acetyl coa → 4 CO2, makes 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, turning for every acetyl coa that enters, this process stops if ATP binds to the enzyme instead of acetyl-coa

oxidative phosphorylation

final step of cellular respiration, ATP synthesis and electron transport to chemiosmosis, happens along inner membrane, turns 25 ADP → 25 ATP, makes 90% of the ATP

hexokinase

phosphorylates glucose (transfers a phosphate from ATP), enzyme in glycolysis investment phase

aldolase

breaking of sugar

kinase

transfer of phosphate

substrate level phosphorylation

steps 1-3 in the cellular respiration cycle, only produce a small amount of ATP

etc

gradient of NADH and FADH2 → H+ found within the inner membrane

chemiosmosis

use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

ATP synthase

exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP, acting as a molecular motor with protons flowing through the mechanism to change shape from ADP → ATP, form of oxidative phosphorylation

fermentation

cellular respiration not normally, uses no oxygen for the entire process, produces far less ATP

aerobic respiration

cellular respiration as normal, using no oxygen only in glycolysis but needing oxygen for the other three steps, produces a lot of ATP

phosphofructokinase

phosphorylates fructose, enzyme in glycolysis investment phase, increases efficiency and stores glucose with two ATP binding sites

fructorse bis-phosphate aldolase

cleaves (splits) the sugar, enzyme in glycolysis investment phase

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

oxidizes (executes oxidation without removal of a hydrogen), occurs in glycolysis payoff phase

phosphoglycerate kinase

transfers phosphate to make ATP, occurs in glycolysis payoff phase

pyruvate kinase

transfers phosphate to make ATP, occurs in glycolysis energy payoff phase

active site

phosphofructokinase has an ____________ for binding ATP, which has a high concentration of ATP and binds at lower ATP sites

regulatory site

phosphofructokinase has a ______________ for binding ATP, which has a low concentration of ATP and binds at higher ATP sites, which inhibits enzyme activity to continue the cellular respiration cycle

mitochondria

the matrix is inside the inner membrane, the folding of the inner membrane called cristae creates the intermembrane space

oxaloacetate → citrate

this is how the acetyl coa group joins the cycle by combining _______ with _________, first step of the citric acid cycle

proton motive force (PMF)

makes ATP by ATP synthase, gradient of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

2 pyruvate, 2 atp, 2 nadh

glycolysis products

2 acetyl coa, 2 co2, 2 nadh

pyruvate processing products

2 atp, 6 nadh, 2 fadh2

citric acid cycle products

h2o, 25atp (29atp max)

oxidative phosphorylation products

matrix

where pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle occur

cytoplasm

where glycolysis occurs

inner membrane

where etc and chesmiosmosis occurs

obligate anaerobes

these carry out fermentation/anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

alcohol fermentation

pyruvate → ethanol in two steps, electrons are passed from NADH back to the leftover food; ex. yeast, CO2 is released as a byproduct with actylaldehyde as an intermediate

lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate → lactate, electrons are passed back to pyruvate frorm NADH to form _________; ex. cheese and yogurt, has no intermediate

pyruvate or acetaldehyde

final electron acceptors in fermentation

oxygen

final electron acceptor in cellular respiration