Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 - SWCTA

Topics: anatomical terms, an overview of body systems and its functions, and homeostasis

Define Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Define Physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

What is **gross** anatomy?

* Large structures
* easily observable
* \[ex: thigh, back, abdomen, hand, etc\]
* \[things that you can see easily\]

What is **microscopic** anatomy?

* very small structures
* can only be viewed with a microscope
* \[ex: cells\]

What is the anatomical position?

When body is erect and facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing **forward**

The levels of structural organization: (7 terms)

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Superior/Cranial

Towards the top

Inferior/Caudial (tail)

Towards the bottom

Medial

Structures **toward midline**

\[ex:chest, heart\]

Lateral

Structures **farther away from midline**

\[ex: arms/extremities\]

Proximal

**Towards** the trunk

\[ex: brachial (upper arm)\]

Distal

**Further away** from trunk

\[ex: antebrachial (forearm)\]

Prone

Face down, palms down

Supine

Face up, palms up

Anterior/ventral

toward or at the front of the body/in front of

Posterior/dorsal

Toward or at the backside of the body/ behind

Superficial

Toward or at the bodys surface

\[ex: papercut /skin\]

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

\[ex: the lungs are **deep** to the ribcage\]

Midsagittal/Median plane

Disecting **down the middle of body** into **left and right** (equal) parts

Frontal/coronal plane

Disecting horizontally into **front and back** parts

Transverse plane

Disects horizontally into top and bottom halves of body

Which organs are in the **Median/Midsagittal** plane?

Brain, Nose, Tongue, Trachea, Spinal Cord

Which organs are in the **Transverse** plane?

Spleen, Stomach content, Subcutaneous fat layer, Aorta, Spinal Cord

Which organs are in the **Frontal/Ventral** plane?

Liver, Heart, Stomach, Spleen, Left lung, Right lung

Body Landmarks - study and test using this photo

*Study*

What does the dorsal body cavity have?

Back

Vertebral Cavity is what?

Spine/Spinal cord

Pelvic cavity is what?

Pelvis

What is the cranial cavity?

Brain

Thoracic cavity has what inside?

* Superior mediastinum
* Pleural cavity (lungs)
* Pericardial - cavity within mediastinum

What is the pleural cavity?

Lungs

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal and pelvic cavity

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic and abdomenoplvic cavity

Study Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Test each other!

Study Abdominopelvic Regions

Test each other! “Where is the right hypochondriac region” \*point to where it is or say Right upper left quadrant (RUQ)and vice versa!!

Define homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively constant **internal** environment

**Name** the **11 organ systems**

* Integumentary
* Skeletal
* Muscular
* Nervous
* Endocrine
* Cardiovascular
* Lymphatic
* Respiratory
* Digestive
* Urinary
* Reproductive

Functions of integumentary system: (4 functions)

(Skin)

* external covering
* protects deeper tissue


* synthesizes vitamin d
* cutaneous nerve receptors (“senses” the outside world)

Functions of skeletal system: (4 functions)

* protects and supports organs
* muscle attatchments
* blood cell formation
* stores minerals

Functions of muscular system: (3 functions)

* allows locomotion
* maintains posture
* produces heat

Functions of nervous system: (3 functions)

* fast-acting control system (its the controller of everything **AND** the main system in homeostasis)
* response to internal and external change
* activates muscles and glands

Functions of endocrine system: (4 functions)

* secretes regulatory hormones
* growth
* reproduction
* metabolism
* \[testis - male part, ovaries - female part\]

Functions of cardiovascular system: (5 functions)

* transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
* oxygen
* carbon dioxide
* nutrients
* wastes

Functions of lymphatic system: (3 functions)

* returns fluids to blood vessels
* disposes of debris
* involved in immunity
* \[lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels\]

Functions of respirtatory system: (2 functions)

* supplies oxygen
* removes carbon dioxide

Functions of digestive system: (3 functions)

* breaks down food
* nutrient absorption into food
* eliminates indigestible material

Functions of urinary system: (3 functions)

* eliminates nitrogenous waste
* maintains acid-base balance
* regulation of materials, water and electrolyte balances

Function of the reproductive system: (1 function)

production of offspring

What is positive feedback?

(stimulus, sensor/receptor, control, effector) or (factor, sensor, integrating center (brain), effector)

**The output ENHANCES or exaggerates the original stimulus**

* Receptor - monitors the environment and responds to changes and send to control center
* Control center (brain) - determines set point or decides what to send to effector
* Effector - responds to stimulus, sends “feedback” to the stimulus

What is negative feedback?

(factor, sensor, integrating center (brain), effector and factor again for **shutoff**)

* When the output shuts **off** the original stimulus

Consequences of **increased** body temp: (too hot)

* sweating
* blood vessels dialate (open)

Consequences of decreased body temp: (too cold)

* shivering
* exercising/movement
* vasocontriction (blood vessels constrict)

What is the constant temperature (C) the body must maintain at?

37 C

Consequences of blood glucose **decreasing:**

* Alpha cells of pancreas release **glucagon**
* Liver breaks down glycogen and releases **glucose**
* Blood Glucose levels rise to normal

Consequences of blood glucose **increasing:**

* Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood


* Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen for when needed
* Cells take insulin and make glucose levels normal again
* Blood Glucose levels decline to normal

What is the normal blood glucose level?

90 mg/100 m

Know the pathway for childbirth

Study and be able to say all