Chapter 13: Viruses

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characteristics of viruses

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1

characteristics of viruses

  • obligatory intracellular parasites: require living host cells to multiply

  • contain DNA or RNA (never both)

  • contain a protein coat

  • no ribosomes

  • no ATP generating mechanism

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2

host range

the spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

  • most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host

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3

bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria

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4

through filters

how could the small size of viruses help researchers detect viruses before the invention of the electron microscope?

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5

virion

complete, fully developed viral particle

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6

capsid

protein coat made of capsomeres (subunits; individual units)

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7

envelope

lipid, protein, and carbohydrate coating on some viruses

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8

spikes

projections from outer surface; all envelopes have spikes, if it did not then it would not be able to infect anything

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9

capsomeres

allows viruses to infect a host

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10

viral species

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host)

  • descriptive common names are used for species

  • subspecies are designated by a number

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11

lytic cycle

  • occurs when things are going bad

  • phage causes lysis and death of the host cell

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12

lysogenic cycle

  • when things are going good

  • phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA

  • phage conversion

  • specialized transduction (phage is replicating and producing other genes)

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13

attachment

phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell

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14

penetration

phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

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15

biosynthesis

production of phage DNA and proteins

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16

maturation

assembly of phage particles

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17

release

phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall

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18

lysogeny

phage remains latent

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19

retroviruses

single stranded RNA, produce DNA

  • viral machinery; get rid of enzyme to cure HIV

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20

reverse transcriptase

to produce DNA from the viral genome

  • viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome as a provirus

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21

oncogenes

transform normal cells into cancerous cells; increase rate of cell cycle, makes cells grow at a quicker rate

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22

oncogenic viruses

become integrated into the host cell's DNA and induce tumors

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23

retroviridae

viral RNA is transcribed to DNA (using reverse transcriptase), which can integrate into host DNA

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24

DNA version of RNA that gets inserted into genome

what is a provirus?

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25

reverse transcriptase

How can an RNA virus cause cancer if it doesn't have DNA to insert into a cell's genome?

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26

latent virus

remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods

  • may reactivate due to changes in immunity (cold sores, shingles)

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27

persistent viral infection

occurs gradually over a long period; is generally fatal

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28

viroids

short pieces of naked RNA (loop does not code for anything)

  • cause potato spindle tuber disease

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29

prions

proteinaceous infectious particles

  • inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments

  • mad cow disease

  • sheep scrapie

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