Interpersonal Communication Ch.1-6

I-It Communication

Communication in which one person is treated as an instrument or object (a waiter, a homeless person, sometimes children)

I-You Communicaiton

Not fully engaged as unique individuals

I-Thou Communication

Each person affirms the other as cherished and unique.

Features of Interpersonal Communication

Selective, Systemic, Individual, Processual, Transactional, Personal Knowledge, Meaning Creating

Principles of Interpersonal Communication

We cannot not communicate

Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible.

Interpersonal Communication involves ethical choices

People construct meanings in Interpersonal Communication

Metacommunication affects meanings.

Interpersonal Communication develops and sustains relationships

Interpersonal Communication is not a panacea

Interpersonal Communication effectiveness can be learned

Dual perspective

understanding both our own and another person's perspective, thoughts, or feelings.

The Self

multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social perspectives.

Particular Others

Specific people who are important in our lives

Direct Definition

communication that tells us explicitly who we are by directly labeling us and our behaviors

Reflected Appraisal

our perception of another's view of us

Identity Scripts

Rules for living and identity (What is expected of us). Assign our roles in society.

Attachment Styles

patterns of caregiving that teach us who we and others are and how to approach relationships: Secure, Fearful, Dismissive, anxious/ambivalent

Secure Attachment Style

Caregiver is consistently loving and attentive. Child develops a positive sense of self-worth and a positive view of others.

Fearful Attachment Style

caregiver is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, or even abusive ways. Children infer that they are unworthy of love and that others are not loving

Dismissive Attachment Style

Caregivers are disinterested in, rejecting of, or unavailable to children. Children don't feel unlovable, but feel that others are dismissable and unloving.

Anxious/ambivolent attachment style

Children feel they are the source of every problem because the caregiver is not consistent.

Generalized Other

Broadly held social views

ego boundaries

define where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins

self-disclosure

revealing information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover on their own

self-sabotage

telling ourselves we are no good, can't do something, there's no point in trying to change, etc.

social comparison

process of assessing ourselves in relation to others to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.

perception

the active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and other phenomena.

constructivism

a theory for explaining how we organize experience that states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata.

prototype

defines the clearest or most representative examples of some category

personal constructs

mental yardsticks we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment. ex: intelligent-not intelligent

stereotype

predictive generalization applied to a person or situation.

scripts

guides to action that consist of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations.

interpretation

subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us.

attribution

explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way.

self-serving bias

bias toward ourselves and our interests (in making attributions)

fundamental attribution error

overestimation of the internal causes of others' undesirable behaviors and underestimation of the external causes

standpoint

a point of view shaped by political awareness of the social location of a group

cognitive complexity

the number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions

implicit personality theory

explains how the self influences interpersonal perceptions. it is a collection of unspoken assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities.

interpersonal needs theory

we need affection, inclusion, and control. IPC helps us meet these needs.

self-awareness

the ability to step outside yourself, view yourself as a unique person distinct from the environment, and to reflect on thoughts, feelings, and behavior

self-concept

overall perception of who you are

self-esteem

overall value, ideal self vs. ought self.

ought self

the person others wish and expect you to be

perception as a process

selection-focus attention on stimuli in your environment

organization-structuring selected info into a coherent pattern

interpretation-assigning meaning to info that we've selected

actor-observer effect

tendency to attribute external factors to explain your own behavior

implicit personality theory

because a person is high or low on a certain trait, we assume they are high or low on other traits that cluster together

primacy effect

we emphasize the first information we learn about others

negativity effect

we emphasize the negative info we learn about others

halo effect

we tend to positively interpret others' actions because we have a positive Gestalt of them.

perception-checking

check your punctuation, knowledge, attributions, perceptual influences, and impressions

Check your Punctuation

ask other people to share their point of view with you regarding the sequence of events or how they are seeing things

check your knowledge

never assume that you have the corner on the truth. Ask other people to explain their meaning to you.

check your attributions

all behaviors are a result of a multitude of external and internal forces

check your perceptual influences

consider how your culture, gender, age, personality help shape your perceptions of others

check your impressions

remember that the Gestalts that you have may bias your perception of subsequent information that you learn about others.

constitutive rules of language

define word meaning and specify how we should interpret and perform different kinds of communication

regulative rules of language

govern how we use language when we verbally communicate. They guide sentence structure, spelling, how we converse

denotative meaning

refers to the literal, conventional meaning that most people in a culture have all agreed that this is the meaning of this symbol. Dictionary definition.

connotative meanings

varies from person to person. derived from personal and subjective experience with a verbal symbol.

low context cultures

tend not to presume listeners share beliefs and values.

high context cultures

assume listeners share common knowledge

cooperative verbal communication

producing easily understood messages, taking active ownership for what you say, and making others feel included.

cooperative principle

Paul Grice's argument that meaningful interactions depend on communicating effectively by being informative, honest, relevant, and clear.

linguistic determinism

language controls what we think and perceive

linear model of communication

one person is giver and one is the receiver

punctuation

defines beginnings and endings of interaction episodes.

totalizing

occurs when we respond to a person as if one label totally represents who he or she is

loaded language

words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings

static evaluation

an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or fixed.

indexing

technique that reminds us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumestances.

self-fulfiling prophesy

internalize others expectations of judgements about us then behave to fulfill them

face

Impression of self that we want others to accept

impression management

how we use communication to persuade others to believe in the face we preset

johari Open or Public Info

name, height, major

johari blind area

Others know but we don't know--insecure

johari hidden

what we know but don't revil---traumas and secrets

johari unknown

no one knows--untried talents

influences on perception

-phisology

-expectations

-age

-culture

-cognitive ablitites

-self

perceptions are partial

We cannot perceive everything

perceptions are subjective

they are shaped by individual experiences

symbols are..

arbitary, ambiguous, abstract

arbitrary

words arnt connected to what they mean

ambiguous

words ant clear cut "affordable clothes"

abstract

not concrete or tangible

communication reflects culutre

halloween and christmasisnt on some cultures word

communication rules

shared understandings of what communication means and what kinds of communication are appropriate

demand-withdrawl

one person tries to create closeness, but the other tries to avoid the conversation

linguistic determination

language determines what we perceive and think *has been discredited*

symbolic abilities of language

-define phenomenon

-evaluate

-organizes perceptions

-allows hypothetical thought

-allows self-reflection

speech community

people share norms about how to use talk and what purpose it serves

non-verbal communication

all aspects of communication other than words

similarities b/t verbal and nonverbal

-symbolic

-rule guided

-intentional or unintentional

-reflect culture

Differences b/t verbal and nonverbal

-nonverbal is belivable :can say "I'm fine" but body language says something different

-nonverbal is multichanneled :seen, felt, heard

-nonverbal is continuous

principles of nonverbal comunication

-may supplement or replace verbal

-may regulate interaction

-establishes relationship-level meaning

-reflects and expresses cultural value

establishing relationship level meaning

Responsiveness and closeness

Liking/not liking

Power

kinesics

body position and movements

haptics

sense of touch

physical appearence

more attractive people have an easier time in life

artifacts

objects used to identify ourselves and our heritage

environmenal factors

elements of setting that effects how we feel

proxemics and personal space

space and how its used

chronemics

how we perceive and use time

paralanguage

communication hat is vocal but doesn't use words

silence