IB HISTORY chapter 18-21

Reservation system

Established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into two great 'colonies' to the north and south of a corridor of intended white settlement.

Dawes Severalty Act

Authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

Homestead Act 1862

Encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land, requiring completion of five years of continuous residence for ownership.

Sodbusters

Farmers in the Great Plains who had to break through the sod to plant crops.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that American democracy was formed by the American frontier.

Ghost Dance

Sacred ceremonies the Indians performed to try and remove whites from their territories and bring back the buffalo.

Omaha Act of 1882

A law that allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands.

William F. 'Buffalo Bill' Cody

Famed buffalo hunter who created an entertainment system similar to a circus featuring sharpshooters and various Native Americans.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

A law giving the president power to establish forest reserves for protecting watersheds.

Sand Creek Massacre

The near annihilation of Black Kettle's Cheyenne band by Colorado troops in 1864.

Great Sioux War

The war waged by Red Cloud against the US Army that required the US to abandon its forts.

Hispanic American Alliance

An organization forced to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans.

Edmunds Act

The law that took away the vote from those who practiced polygamy.

Annie Oakley

The sharpshooter known as 'Little Sure Shot'.

Helen Hunt Jackson

One of the most influential reformers for Indian Policy.

Yosemite Act

The law that placed California giant sequoias under the management of the state of California.

John Deere

The inventor of the 'singing plow' which easily turned prairie grasses under.

Vaqueros

The Spanish word for cowboy.

Barbed wire

A new technology that contributed to the Range Wars and later the cattle bust.

Buffalo Soldier

The nickname given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes during the Indian Wars.

Nat Love

The former slave turned legendary cowboy whose life was written about in dime novels.

Chief Joseph

The leader of the Nez Perce Nation.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Acknowledged US defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868, guaranteeing the Sioux land rights.

National Reclamation Act

The 1902 act that added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the US.

Gilded Age

A phrase referring to a time when things appeared good on the surface but were actually corrupt.

Jane Addams

An American activist known for her work in settlement houses.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The first law that prohibited immigration based on race.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld state racial segregation laws under 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Woodhull v Comstock

A court case that led to a law severely restricting women's reproductive rights.

Tenement

A substandard multi-family dwelling in the urban core, usually old and occupied by the poor.

Bessemer Process

The first inexpensive industrial process for mass-producing steel from molten pig iron.

Louis Sullivan

An American architect known as the 'father of skyscrapers' and 'father of modernism'.

Wabash Case

A Supreme Court decision that limited states' rights to control interstate commerce.

Sherman Act

The first federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices.

Thomas Edison

The inventor known for the phonograph, alkaline storage battery, and kinetoscope.

Haymarket Affair

The event where a bomb went off at a protest in Chicago.

Alexander Graham Bell

The inventor of the telephone.

Gospel of Wealth

The idea that to whom much is given, much is expected.

Knights of Labor

The labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers of any race.

Vertical integration

The consolidation of production of a product from start to finish.

Conspicuous consumption

Highly visible displays of wealth.

Vaudeville

The variety-show tradition of entertainment appealing to middle- and working-class.

George Washington Carver

A former slave-turned-teacher who directed agricultural research at the Tuskegee Institute.

Little Women

The book by Louisa May Alcott that was popular during this time.

Bicycle

A symbol of middle-class status.

Brooklyn Bridge

The construction acclaimed as the most original American construction.

Social Darwinism

The philosophy that claims the wealthy are successful because they are the 'fittest'.

John D. Rockefeller

The founder of Standard Oil.

American Federation of Labor

Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines.

Hawai'I

A sovereign island nation in the Pacific Ocean that later became the 50th state.

Platt Amendment

A law listing conditions for the withdrawal of US troops from Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Cuban Insurrection

The last of three liberation wars fought against Spain by Cuba.

Insular Cases

Opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court stating full constitutional rights do not extend to all American territories.

Yellow journalism

Reporting based on sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

Rough Riders

A nickname for the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry used during the Spanish-American War.

USS Maine

An American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor, rising to become a major political issue.

The Philippines

A Southeast Asian country taken by Dewey during the Spanish-American War.

William McKinley

The 25th President of the United States until his assassination.

Sanford Dole

The American planter who conspired to overthrow the Hawai'ian government.

The Grange

A national organization of farm owners.

Grandfather Clauses

Rules requiring potential voters to prove their ancestors' voting eligibility.

Joseph Pulitzer

A newspaper owner who employed yellow journalism to sell papers.

'White man's burden'

The idea justifying imperialism as a duty to 'uplift' people of color.

James Garfield

The president assassinated by a disappointed office seeker.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

A law to ensure government employees were hired based on merit.

Southern Farmers' Alliance

An organization establishing cooperative policies for farmers.

Tammany Hall

The organization run by Boss Tweed controlling NYC politics.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

An organization educating people about the evils of alcohol.

Grover Cleveland

The president who thought the situation in Hawai'I was unjust.

Eugene V. Debs

A socialist presidential candidate and founder of the American Railway Union.

Scramble for Africa

The event dividing up Africa among imperial powers without US involvement.

Populism

A mass movement of the 1890s formed from the Southern Farmers’ Alliance and reform organizations.

Coxey's Army

A protest march of unemployed workers demanding inflation and public works during the 1890s depression.

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws widespread in the South during the 1890s.

Initiative

A process enabling citizens to place proposed statutes or constitutional amendments on the ballot.

Referendum

A general vote by the electorate on a political question referred for direct decision.

Recall

A procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through direct vote.

Muller v. Oregon

A 1903 case convicting Muller for requiring a woman to work over 10 hours in violation of state law.

Lochner v New York

A landmark case holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Meat Inspection Act

An American law making it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and ensure sanitary conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A law preventing the manufacture and sale of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.

New Nationalism

The belief that government must protect human welfare and property rights.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s campaign calling for limited government and Progressive programs.

John Muir

Scottish-American naturalist and advocate for wilderness preservation.

Muckraking

Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils.

Prohibition

A ban on alcohol production, sale, and consumption imposed temporarily through state laws.

Niagara movement

An African American group promoting racial integration and civil rights.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization dedicated to restoring African American rights, cofounded by W.E.B. Du Bois.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The first federal antitrust measure prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade.

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Replaced Sherman Act; exempted unions from being illegal combinations.

Federal Reserve Act

The 1913 law revising banking and currency through the creation of the Federal Reserve System.

Progressivism

A national movement focused on various reform initiatives against corruption and industrial excess.

Hepburn Act

An act strengthening the ICC by allowing it to set maximum railroad rates.

Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913

Reform law lowering tariff rates and levying the first federal income tax.